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{ "url_title": "Ben Wakaye", "title_sort": "wakayeben", "links": { "json": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Ben%20Wakaye/?format=api", "html": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Ben%20Wakaye?format=api" }, "modified": "2023-12-19T02:46:35", "title": "Ben Wakaye", "body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <div id=\"databox-PeopleDisplay\">\n <table class=\"infobox\" width=\"200px;\">\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Name\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Ben Wakaye\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Born\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n January 2 1913\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Died\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n November 8 1952\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Birth Location\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Honolulu\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Generational Identifier\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n <p>\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nisei/\" title=\"Nisei\">\n Nisei\n </a>\n </p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n </table>\n </div>\n <div id=\"databox-People\" style=\"display:none;\">\n <p>\n FirstName:Tsutomu \"Ben\";\nLastName:Wakaye;\nDisplayName:Ben Wakaye;\nBirthDate:1913-01-02;\nDeathDate:1952-11-08;\nBirthLocation:Honolulu;\nGender:Male;\nEthnicity:JA;\nGenerationIdentifier:Nisei;\nNationality:;\nExternalResourceLink:;\nPrimaryGeography:San Francisco;\nReligion:;\n </p>\n </div>\n <p>\n Draft resistance leader and treasurer of the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Heart_Mountain_Fair_Play_Committee/\" title=\"Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee\">\n Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee\n </a>\n (FPC). Tsutomu \"Ben\" Wakaye (1913–52) was born in Honolulu, but moved with family to San Francisco before starting the second grade. He went on to graduate from Galileo High in 1931. He subsequently worked for his father's carpentry shop and for a Japanese trading company before landing a job as an insurance salesman.\n </p>\n <p>\n Incarcerated at\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Heart_Mountain/\" title=\"Heart Mountain\">\n Heart Mountain\n </a>\n during World War II, he became part of the draft resistance movement through the Fair Play Committee, his insurance background qualifying him to be its treasurer. He subsequently refused to report for his pre-induction physical, resulting in his arrest and eventual trial and conviction. Along with six other leaders of the FPC, and journalist\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/James_Omura/\" title=\"James Omura\">\n James Omura\n </a>\n , he was later charged with conspiracy to counsel, aide, and abet draft resistance, with all but Omura found guilty. He was given a sentence of two years, but was already serving a three year sentence for his draft evasion conviction. He served out his sentence and was released in 1947.\n </p>\n <p>\n He returned to San Francisco, rejoining his family. He experienced difficulty finding a job and eventually worked as a janitor. He died of kidney failure in 1952 at age 39.\n </p>\n <div id=\"authorByline\">\n <b>\n Authored by\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Brian_Niiya/\" title=\"Brian Niiya\">\n Brian Niiya\n </a>\n , Densho\n </b>\n </div>\n <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n Niiya, Brian\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n <h2>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n For More Information\n </span>\n </h2>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <p>\n Biography on\n <i>\n Conscience and the Constitution\n </i>\n site,\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"https://resisters.com/conscience/the_story/characters/wakaye_ben.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n https://resisters.com/conscience/the_story/characters/wakaye_ben.html\n </a>\n </p>\n <p>\n Chin, Frank.\n <i>\n Born in the USA: A Story of Japanese America, 1889–1947\n </i>\n . Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.\n </p>\n <p>\n Fujimoto, Amy. \"\n <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://www.resisters.com/htdocs/study/Ben_Wakaye.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n Ben Wakaye: A True American\n </a>\n .\"\n <i>\n Conscience and the Constitution\n </i>\n website.\n </p>\n <p>\n Muller, Eric L.\n <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/freetodieforthei00mull\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n <i>\n Free to Die for Their Country: The Story of the Japanese American Draft Resisters in World War II\n </i>\n .\n </a>\n Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.\n </p>\n <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20240418160734\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.010 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.014 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 123/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 1909/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 235/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 6/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 9.846 1 -total\n 71.72% 7.062 1 Template:Databox-People\n 13.72% 1.351 1 Template:Published\n 13.64% 1.343 1 Template:AuthorByline\n-->\n <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:2537-0!canonical and timestamp 20240418160734 and revision id 35711\n -->\n </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"toplink\">\n <a href=\"#top\">\n <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\">\n </i>\n Top\n </a>\n</div>", "categories": [ "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/categories/People/?format=api" ], "sources": [], "coordinates": {}, "authors": [ "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/authors/Brian%20Niiya/?format=api" ], "ddr_topic_terms": [], "prev_page": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Ben%20Kuroki/?format=api", "next_page": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Bend%20with%20the%20Wind:%20The%20Life,%20Family,%20and%20Writings%20of%20Grace%20Eto%20Shibata%20(book)/?format=api" }