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{ "url_title": "Fort Stanton (detention facility)", "title_sort": "fortstantondetentionfacility", "links": { "json": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Fort%20Stanton%20(detention%20facility)/?format=api", "html": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Fort%20Stanton%20(detention%20facility)?format=api" }, "modified": "2021-07-06T21:30:45", "title": "Fort Stanton (detention facility)", "body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <div id=\"databox-CampsDisplay\">\n <table class=\"infobox\" width=\"200px;\">\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n US Gov Name\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Fort Stanton Internment Camp\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Sites_of_incarceration/\" title=\"Sites of incarceration\">\n Facility Type\n </a>\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Sites_of_incarceration#Department_of_Justice_Internment_Camp/\" title=\"Sites of incarceration\">\n Department of Justice Internment Camp\n </a>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Administrative Agency\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n U.S. Department of Justice\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Location\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Fort Stanton, New Mexico (33.4833 lat, -105.5167 lng)\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Date Opened\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Date Closed\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Population Description\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Mostly held German nationals and German seamen from the luxury liner\n <i>\n Columbus\n </i>\n captured in U.S. waters in 1939. Also held those considered by the Department of Justice to be the most \"troublesome\" Japanese internees: ten\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nisei/\" title=\"Nisei\">\n Nisei\n </a>\n and\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Kibei/\" title=\"Kibei\">\n Kibei\n </a>\n \"renunciants\" and seven\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Issei/\" title=\"Issei\">\n Issei\n </a>\n transferred from the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Santa_Fe_(detention_facility)/\" title=\"Santa Fe (detention facility)\">\n Santa Fe\n </a>\n internment camp.\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n General Description\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Located in isolated southern New Mexico in Lincoln County, 35 miles north of Ruidoso. Fort Stanton was originally established in 1855 and was used in 1899 as a tuberculosis sanatorium.\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Peak Population\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/anthropology74/ce17h.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n National Park Service Info\n </a>\n </td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n </table>\n </div>\n <div id=\"databox-Camps\" style=\"display:none;\">\n <p>\n SoSUID:d-stan;\nDenshoName:Fort Stanton;\nUSGName:Fort Stanton Internment Camp;\nType:\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Sites_of_incarceration#Department_of_Justice_Internment_Camp/\" title=\"Sites of incarceration\">\n Department of Justice Internment Camp\n </a>\n ;\nAdminAgency:U.S. Department of Justice;\nDateOpened:;\nDateClosed:;\nLocationName:Fort Stanton, New Mexico;\nCityName:Fort Stanton;\nStateName:NM;\nDescription:Located in isolated southern New Mexico in Lincoln County, 35 miles north of Ruidoso. Fort Stanton was originally established in 1855 and was used in 1899 as a tuberculosis sanatorium.;\nGISLat:33.4833;\nGISLng:-105.5167;\nGISTGNId:2066966;\nCurrentDisposition:;\nPopulationDescription:Mostly held German nationals and German seamen from the luxury liner\n <i>\n Columbus\n </i>\n captured in U.S. waters in 1939. Also held those considered by the Department of Justice to be the most \"troublesome\" Japanese internees: ten\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nisei/\" title=\"Nisei\">\n Nisei\n </a>\n and\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Kibei/\" title=\"Kibei\">\n Kibei\n </a>\n \"renunciants\" and seven\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Issei/\" title=\"Issei\">\n Issei\n </a>\n transferred from the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Santa_Fe_(detention_facility)/\" title=\"Santa Fe (detention facility)\">\n Santa Fe\n </a>\n internment camp.;\nExitDestination:;\nPeakPopulation:;\nPeakDate:;\nNPSMoreInfoResourceLink:\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/anthropology74/ce17h.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/anthropology74/ce17h.htm\n </a>\n ;\nOfficialResourceLink:;\n </p>\n </div>\n <p>\n The Fort Stanton Internment Camp in central New Mexico was the first detention facility opened by the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service/\" title=\"Immigration and Naturalization Service\">\n Immigration and Naturalization Service\n </a>\n and mostly held German seamen and German enemy aliens. In 1945, it became a secret detention camp where seventeen\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nikkei/\" title=\"Nikkei\">\n Nikkei\n </a>\n inmates removed from the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Santa_Fe_(detention_facility)/\" title=\"Santa Fe (detention facility)\">\n Santa Fe\n </a>\n camp for disciplinary reasons were held for around six months.\n </p>\n <p>\n Fort Stanton was located in Lincoln County about 35 miles north of Ruidoso and 175 miles south of Santa Fe. Built by the army in 1855, it played roles in the Civil War and the Lincoln County War. By 1899, it had become a tuberculosis sanitarium and remained one for the next few decades. In the 1930s, the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Civilian_Conservation_Corps/\" title=\"Civilian Conservation Corps\">\n CCC\n </a>\n improved the site and added additional buildings including living quarters for around 200.\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-1\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-1\">\n [1]\n </a>\n </sup>\n </p>\n <p>\n In 1941, Fort Stanton became the first dedicated INS detention facility when the agency needed a place to keep seamen captured from a German ship, the\n <i>\n SS Columbus\n </i>\n . When the INS took control of the Fort Stanton site, it raised the residential capacity to 450 and moved 411 of the seamen there in March 1941. Over the next two years, additional German seamen and some POWs were moved to Fort Stanton, the population reaching 652 by August 1943. Also in 1943, the INS established a separate high security compound where German internees deemed extremist could be segregated. The INS also moved eighty-three pro-Nazi seamen to Fort Stanton from\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Fort_Lincoln_(Bismarck)_(detention_facility)/\" title=\"Fort Lincoln (Bismarck) (detention facility)\">\n Fort Lincoln\n </a>\n , with Fort Lincoln chronicler John Christgau dubbing Fort Stanton \"a segregation camp for the most rabid Nazis.\"\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-2\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-2\">\n [2]\n </a>\n </sup>\n </p>\n <p>\n In the early months of 1945, a group of suspected Japanese American dissidents at\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Tule_Lake/\" title=\"Tule Lake\">\n Tule Lake\n </a>\n were transferred to the Santa Fe Internment Camp. Subsequent unrest at Santa Fe in March 1945 led authorities to remove seventeen men from Santa Fe and to incarcerate them at Fort Stanton, in a separate high security compound. The group included seven\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Issei/\" title=\"Issei\">\n Issei\n </a>\n and ten Nisei/Kibei, all but one of whom were thought to be Japanese nationalist leaders behind the unrest. The seventeenth man was an Issei whom the administration wanted out of Santa Fe for other reasons. The existence and location of this camp was kept a secret from Japanese Americans held at other INS camps or at\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/War_Relocation_Authority/\" title=\"War Relocation Authority\">\n War Relocation Authority\n </a>\n camps and was referred to as \"Japanese Segregation Camp No. 1\"; mail to the camp was routed through the Santa Fe camp. The Japanese American complex included ten 16' x 16' \"Victory Huts\" that slept two men and a latrine and was surrounded by a ten to twelve foot high barbed wire fence. They shared other facilities—laundry, recreation room, kitchen, showers—with the German internees and played cards and chess with them. After around six months, the Nikkei group was transferred to a detention facility on\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/San_Pedro_(detention_facility)/\" title=\"San Pedro (detention facility)\">\n Terminal Island\n </a>\n on September 20, from where they were removed to Japan.\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-3\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-3\">\n [3]\n </a>\n </sup>\n </p>\n <p>\n As the Nikkei group were departing, around sixty-five Nikkei \"volunteers\" arrived from Santa Fe to dismantle the camp. Issei journalist and internee\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Yasutaro_Soga/\" title=\"Yasutaro Soga\">\n Yasutaro Soga\n </a>\n wrote in his memoir that most of this group consisted of men who had come to Santa Fe from the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Kooskia_(detention_facility)/\" title=\"Kooskia (detention facility)\">\n Kooskia\n </a>\n , Idaho, work camp and that they were paid for their labors. \"It should be noted that they were forced to move,\" he pointedly added. Fort Stanton closed in October, and Soga notes the return of the men from Fort Stanton back to Santa Fe on October 20.\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-4\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-4\">\n [4]\n </a>\n </sup>\n </p>\n <p>\n Fort Stanton was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, as was the Fort Stanton Historic District with increased boundaries in 2000. However, neither listing includes the site of the Nikkei compound. There are remains of the internment camp at the site today including two standing buildings and parts of others. Archeological remains of the Nikkei compound have also been found.\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-5\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-5\">\n [5]\n </a>\n </sup>\n </p>\n <div id=\"authorByline\">\n <b>\n Authored by\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Brian_Niiya/\" title=\"Brian Niiya\">\n Brian Niiya\n </a>\n , Densho\n </b>\n </div>\n <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n Niiya, Brian\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n <h2>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n For More Information\n </span>\n </h2>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <p>\n Akashi, Motomu.\n <i>\n Betrayed Trust: The Story of a Deported Issei and His American-Born Family During World War II\n </i>\n . Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse, 2004.\n </p>\n <p>\n <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/narrators/178/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n Tom Akashi interview by Tom Ikeda (primary) and Chizu Omori (secondary)\n </a>\n . Klamath Falls, Oregon, July 3, 2004. Densho Visual History Collection. Densho Digital Archive.\n </p>\n <p>\n Cencula, Tessa Moening. \"Fort Stanton and the Japanese Segregation Camp No. 1.\" In\n <i>\n Confinement in the Land of Enchantment\n </i>\n , ed. Sarah R. Payne. Fort Collins, Colo.: Colorado State University, Public Lands History Center, [2017]. 76–85.\n </p>\n <p>\n Kashima, Tetsuden.\n <i>\n Judgment Without Trial: Japanese American Imprisonment during World War II\n </i>\n . Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002.\n </p>\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n <h2>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n Footnotes\n </span>\n </h2>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n <div class=\"mw-references-wrap\">\n <ol class=\"references\">\n <li id=\"cite_note-1\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-1\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n Kara Carroll and Andrew B. Russell, \"The Santa Fe Detention and Internment Camp,\" edited by Gail Okawa, in Confinement in the Land of Enchantment, ed. Sarah R. Payne. Fort Collins, Colo.: Colorado State University, Public Lands History Center, [2017], 53; Tessa Moening Cencula, \"Fort Stanton and the Japanese Segregation Camp No. 1,\" in Confinement in the Land of Enchantment, ed. Sarah R. Payne. Fort Collins, Colo.: Colorado State University, Public Lands History Center, [2017], 78.\n </span>\n </li>\n <li id=\"cite_note-2\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-2\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n Tetsuden Kashima,\n <i>\n Judgment Without Trial: Japanese American Imprisonment during World War II\n </i>\n (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002), 17, 121; Cencula, \"Fort Stanton and the Japanese Segregation Camp No. 1,\" 78–79; John Christgau,\n <i>\n \"Enemies\": World War II Alien Internment\n </i>\n (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1985; Lincoln, Nebraska: Authors Choice Press, 2001), 39.\n </span>\n </li>\n <li id=\"cite_note-3\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-3\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n Kashima,\n <i>\n Judgment Without Trial\n </i>\n , 121–22; Cencula, \"Fort Stanton and the Japanese Segregation Camp No. 1,\" 81–85.\n </span>\n </li>\n <li id=\"cite_note-4\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-4\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n Cencula, \"Fort Stanton and the Japanese Segregation Camp No. 1,\" 85; Yasutaro [Keiho] Soga,\n <i>\n Life behind Barbed Wire: The World War II Internment Memoirs of a Hawai'i Issei\n </i>\n , translated by Kihei Hirai (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2008), 200, 209.\n </span>\n </li>\n <li id=\"cite_note-5\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-5\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n Barbara Wyatt, ed.,\n <i>\n Japanese Americans in World War II: National Historic Landmarks Theme Study\n </i>\n (Washington, D.C.: National Historic Landmarks Program, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 2012), 166.\n </span>\n </li>\n </ol>\n </div>\n </div>\n <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230521153438\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.016 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.021 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 234/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 4025/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 1811/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 5/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 2631/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 15.020 1 -total\n 18.70% 2.809 1 Template:Reflist\n 12.20% 1.832 1 Template:Databox-Camps\n 8.82% 1.325 1 Template:Published\n 8.71% 1.308 1 Template:AuthorByline\n-->\n <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:1210-0!canonical and timestamp 20230521153438 and revision id 33880\n -->\n </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"toplink\">\n <a href=\"#top\">\n <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\">\n </i>\n Top\n </a>\n</div>", "categories": [], "sources": [], "coordinates": {}, "authors": [ "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/authors/Brian%20Niiya/?format=api" ], "ddr_topic_terms": [ "https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/facet/topics/topics-82/objects/" ], "prev_page": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Fort%20Snelling/?format=api", "next_page": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Four-Four-Two%20(book)/?format=api" }