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    "url_title": "Hisaye Yamamoto",
    "title_sort": "yamamotohisaye",
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    "modified": "2023-12-15T06:09:02",
    "title": "Hisaye Yamamoto",
    "body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <div id=\"databox-PeopleDisplay\">\n  <table class=\"infobox\" width=\"200px;\">\n   <tbody>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Name\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Hisaye Yamamoto\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Born\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      August 23 1921\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Died\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      January 30 2011\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Birth Location\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Redondo Beach, CA\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Generational Identifier\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      <p>\n       <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nisei/\" title=\"Nisei\">\n        Nisei\n       </a>\n      </p>\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n   </tbody>\n  </table>\n </div>\n <div id=\"databox-People\" style=\"display:none;\">\n  <p>\n   FirstName:Hisaye;\nLastName:Yamamoto;\nDisplayName:Hisaye Yamamoto;\nBirthDate:1921-08-23;\nDeathDate:2011-01-30;\nBirthLocation:Redondo Beach, CA;\nGender:Female;\nEthnicity:JA;\nGenerationIdentifier:Nisei;\nNationality:US;\nExternalResourceLink:;\nPrimaryGeography:;\nReligion:;\n  </p>\n </div>\n <div class=\"floatright\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"floatright\">\n </div>\n <p>\n  Southern California\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nisei/\" title=\"Nisei\">\n   Nisei\n  </a>\n  writer of short stories Hisaye Yamamoto (1921–2011) was among the first Japanese American writers to win national renown after World War II. Yamamoto's upbringing in an immigrant farming community and her incarceration in a World War II U.S. government prison camp formed the basis for some of her best-known stories, notable for their sensitive portrayal of the emotionally and artistically constricted lives of\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Issei/\" title=\"Issei\">\n   Issei\n  </a>\n  women and intergenerational family dynamics. Oblique, often deadpan in delivery and told with quiet humor and bracing candor, they reveal the love affairs, madness, psychic and physical brutality that lay beneath the placid surface of Issei and Nisei life. The subject matter, precision and grace of Yamamoto's works have led critics to compare her to short story masters Katherine Mansfield, Flannery O'Connor, and Grace Paley.\n </p>\n <div aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\" class=\"toc\" id=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\">\n  <input class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" role=\"button\" style=\"display:none\" type=\"checkbox\"/>\n  <div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n   <h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">\n    Contents\n   </h2>\n   <span class=\"toctogglespan\">\n    <label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\">\n    </label>\n   </span>\n  </div>\n  <ul>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Early_and_Life_and_Beginnings_as_a_Writer\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      1\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Early and Life and Beginnings as a Writer\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Postwar_Years\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      2\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Postwar Years\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Critical_Reception\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      3\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Critical Reception\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#For_More_Information\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      4\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      For More Information\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Footnotes\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      5\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Footnotes\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n  </ul>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Early_and_Life_and_Beginnings_as_a_Writer\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Early_and_Life_and_Beginnings_as_a_Writer\">\n    Early and Life and Beginnings as a Writer\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Born in Redondo Beach on August 23, 1921, to Issei parents from Kumamoto Prefecture, Yamamoto later recalled the strawberry fields her parents cultivated among the oil derricks of Oceanside in \"Life Among the Oil Fields: A Memoir.\" Though her English-language education began at kindergarten, she later recalled, \"I had early contracted the disease of compulsive reading.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n      [1]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    Writing under the pen name Napoleon, Yamamoto received her first rejection slip at age fourteen. As a teenager, she was a regular contributor to the English-language section of the\n    <i>\n     Kashu Mainichi\n    </i>\n    , worked on high school and junior college yearbooks, and was encouraged by her English teacher at Compton Junior College, where she studied French, Spanish, German and Latin and earned an associate of arts degree.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Imprisoned in 1942 at age 21 at the U.S. government prison camp in\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Poston_(Colorado_River)/\" title=\"Poston (Colorado River)\">\n     Poston\n    </a>\n    , Arizona, Yamamoto wrote for the prison camp newspaper The\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Poston_Chronicle_(newspaper)/\" title=\"Poston Chronicle (newspaper)\">\n     <i>\n      Poston Chronicle\n     </i>\n    </a>\n    , contributing articles and a serialized mystery titled \"Death Rides the Rails to Poston.\" She applied for and received leave to work as a cook in Springfield, MA, in 1944, but returned after a short period when one of her three brothers, Johnny, 19, was killed while fighting with the U.S. Army's\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/442nd_Regimental_Combat_Team/\" title=\"442nd Regimental Combat Team\">\n     442nd Regimental Combat Team\n    </a>\n    in Italy. Her prison camp experience later formed the background for her story \"The Legend of Miss Sasagawara,\" and her 1995 story \"Florentine Gardens\" fictionalized her family's trip to Italy to visit her brother's grave. At Poston she formed a long-lasting friendship with painter and later writer and playwright\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Wakako_Yamauchi/\" title=\"Wakako Yamauchi\">\n     Wakako Yamauchi\n    </a>\n    .\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Postwar_Years\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Postwar_Years\">\n    Postwar Years\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Yamamoto returned to Los Angeles in 1945 and applied for a job as a reporter for the\n    <i>\n     Los Angeles Tribune\n    </i>\n    , an African American weekly, later basing her 1985 memoir \"Fire in Fontana\" (which traces the origins of her sense of solidarity with the African American community) on her experiences there. Yamamoto's first acceptance by a literary magazine (\n    <i>\n     The Partisan Review'\n    </i>\n    s publication of \"The High-Heeled Shoes\") came when she was 27. Shortly thereafter, in 1948, an offer of support from her brother Jemo and an insurance bequest from the death of her brother Johnny allowed her to leave journalism to write full-time. That same year she adopted a five-month-old boy, Paul. A 1950 fellowship from the John Hay Whitney Foundation allowed her a further year to write full time, and the resulting stories appeared in\n    <i>\n     Partisan Review\n    </i>\n    ,\n    <i>\n     Kenyon Review\n    </i>\n    ,\n    <i>\n     Harper's Bazaar\n    </i>\n    ,\n    <i>\n     Carleton Miscellany\n    </i>\n    ,\n    <i>\n     Arizona Quarterly\n    </i>\n    and\n    <i>\n     Furioso\n    </i>\n    .\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Yamamoto's most anthologized work, \"Seventeen Syllables,\" told from the point of view of a Nisei daughter experiencing her first brush with romance, recounts the tale of the girl's Issei mother, who escapes from the tedium of farm work by writing Haiku, only to be punished for it by her intolerant, less-educated husband. \"Yoneko's Earthquake\" describes the similarly limited life of an Issei wife who suffers after having an affair with a Filipino farm hand. \"Seventeen Syllables\" (1949), \"The Brown House\" (1951), \"Yoneko's Earthquake\" (1951) and \"Epithalamium\" (1960) were included in a yearly list of \"Distinctive Short Stories\" compiled by Martha Foley, editor of Random House's\n    <i>\n     Story\n    </i>\n    magazine; \"Ýoneko's Earthquake\" was also named one of the\n    <i>\n     Best American Short Stories: 1952\n    </i>\n    .\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    An ardent follower of The Catholic Worker and its commitment to nonviolence, voluntary poverty and succor for the forsaken eventually led Yamamoto to bypass the offer of a Stanford writing fellowship and move with her son to a Catholic Worker rehabilitation farm on Staten Island, NY, where she served as a volunteer from 1953 to 1955. In 1955 she married Anthony DeSoto and returned with him to Los Angeles where they raised four biological children. During the tumult of her busy child-rearing years, Yamamoto suffered a nervous breakdown and spent a month at a Los Angeles treatment facility.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n      [2]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    In a 1976 article, Yamamoto modestly recapped her writing career, recalling her early love for the English sections of Japanese-language newspapers (\"a feeling of having found my element\") and the triumph of having a letter to an editor published in one of these, adding, \"I was hooked for life.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref3_3-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref3-3\">\n      [3]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    She ruefully described amassing \"one of the most extensive collections of rejection slips extant,\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_4-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref4-4\">\n      [4]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    along the way, and despite her numerous accomplishments, wrote, \"alas, when I have occasion to fill out a questionnaire, I must in all honesty list my occupation as housewife.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref5_5-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref5-5\">\n      [5]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Critical_Reception\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Critical_Reception\">\n    Critical Reception\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Yamamoto's talent was recognized from her earliest writings, although it was not until the 1970s that she received broader acclaim both within and without the Asian American community. Yamamoto scholar King-Kok Cheung wrote, \"Yamamoto's stories exemplify precision and restraint\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref6_6-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref6-6\">\n      [6]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    and noted her \"wide range of subject matter, from vignettes of sexual harassment in 'The High-Heeled Shoes'...to an Issei odyssey that spans Japanese American history in 'Las Vegas Charley,'\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref7_7-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref7-7\">\n      [7]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    (about a farm worker-turned gambler). Dorothy Ritsuko McDonald and Katharine Newman compared Yamamoto with Yamauchi, noting \"Yamauchi writes totally within the Japanese-American community; Yamamoto sees a world in interaction (though seldom with Anglos in it).\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref8_8-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref8-8\">\n      [8]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    Charles Crow examined Yamamoto's portrayal of the Issei father as withdrawn, inept, indifferent and sometimes violent,\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref9_9-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref9-9\">\n      [9]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    though these characters are drawn with compassion. Stan Yogi described Yamamoto's use of \"buried plots, veiled means of conveying stories\" that he links with feminist critical theory and \"Japanese American communication patterns.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref10_10-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref10-10\">\n      [10]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    Naoko Sugiyama examined the silence between mothers and daughters in Yamamoto's fiction, reflecting the mothers' acquiescence to drudgery and isolation, daughters' ambivalence toward mothers in a patriarchal society, and as a way \"for Japanese American women to find their voices and pass on their stories.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref11_11-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref11-11\">\n      [11]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Yamamoto was awarded the Before Columbus Foundation's American Book Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1986, and the first edition of\n    <i>\n     Seventeen Syllables and Other Stories\n    </i>\n    , published in 1988 by Kitchen Table-Women of Color Press, was given the Award for Literature from the Association of Asian American Studies. In poor health after suffering a stroke the year before, Yamamoto died in Los Angeles on January 30, 2011, at the age of 89.\n   </p>\n   <div id=\"authorByline\">\n    <b>\n     Authored by\n     <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nancy_Matsumoto/\" title=\"Nancy Matsumoto\">\n      Nancy Matsumoto\n     </a>\n    </b>\n   </div>\n   <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n    Matsumoto, Nancy\n   </div>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n    For More Information\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Crow, Charles. \"A MELUS Interview: Hisaye Yamamoto.\"\n    <i>\n     MELUS\n    </i>\n    14:1 (spring 1987): 73–84.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    ———. \"The Issei Father in the Fiction of Hisaye Yamamoto.\" In\n    <i>\n     Opening Up Literary Criticism: Essays on American Prose and Poetry\n    </i>\n    , edited by Leo Truchlar. Salzburg: Verlag Wolfgang Neugebauer, 1986, 34-40.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Hot Summer Winds\n    </i>\n    . American Playhouse production, 1991, dramatization of \"Seventeen Syllables\" and \"Yoneko's Earthquake.\" Youtube exerpts:\n    <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0cDILypXYU\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0cDILypXYU\n    </a>\n    and\n    <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zciSX84B8AM&amp;feature=relmfu\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zciSX84B8AM&amp;feature=relmfu\n    </a>\n    .\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Huang, Guiyou. \"Hisaye Yamamoto (DeSoto) (1921 - ).\"\n    <i>\n     Asian-American Short Story Writers: An A-Z Guide\n    </i>\n    . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003, 303–13.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    McDonald, Dorothy Ritsuko, and Katharine Newman. \"Relocation and Dislocation: The Writings of Hisaye Yamamoto and Wakako Yamauchi.\"\n    <i>\n     MELUS\n    </i>\n    7.3 (fall 1980): 21-38.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Oh, Seiwoong. \"Yamamoto Hisaye (Hisaye Yamamoto DeSoto) (1921- ).\"\n    <i>\n     Encyclopedia of Asian-American Literature\n    </i>\n    . New York: Facts on File, 2007, 327-328.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Osborn, William P., and Sylvia A. Watanabe. \"A Conversation with Hisaye Yamamoto.\"\n    <i>\n     Chicago Review\n    </i>\n    39.3/4 (1993): 34-38.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    ---. \"A Conversation with HIsaye Yamamoto.\" In\n    <i>\n     Into the Fire: Asian American Prose\n    </i>\n    . Edited by Sylvia Watanabe and Carol Bruchac. (New York: Greenfield Review Press, 1996), 197–208.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Sugiyama, Naoko. \"Issei Mother's Silence, Nisei Daughter's Stories: The Short Fiction of Hisaye Yamamoto.\"\n    <i>\n     Comparative Literature Studies\n    </i>\n    33.1 (East-West Issue 1996): 1-14.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Yamamoto, Hisaye.\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/seventeensyllabl00yama\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     <i>\n      Seventeen Syllables and Other Stories\n     </i>\n    </a>\n    . Introd. King-Kok Cheung. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2006.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    ———. \"Writing.\" Amerasia Journal, 3:2 (1976): 126-133.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Yogi, Stan. \"Legacies Revealed: Uncovering Buried Plots in the Stories of Hisaye Yamamoto.\"\n    <i>\n     Studies in American Fiction\n    </i>\n    17.2 (autumn 1989): 169-181.\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n    Footnotes\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n    <div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n     <ol class=\"references\">\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Hisaye Yamamoto, \"Writing,\"\n        <i>\n         Amerasia Journal\n        </i>\n        3.2 (1976), 127.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Yamamoto, \"Writing,\" 132–33.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref3-3\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref3_3-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Ibid., 128.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref4-4\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_4-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Ibid., 128.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref5-5\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref5_5-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Ibid., 126.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref6-6\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref6_6-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        King-Kok Cheung, \"Introduction,\"\n        <i>\n         Seventeen Syllables and Other Stories\n        </i>\n        (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2006), xxi.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref7-7\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref7_7-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Cheung, \"Introduction,\" xi–xii.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref8-8\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref8_8-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Dorothy Ritsuko McDonald and Katharine Newman, \"Relocation and Dislocation: The Writings of Hisaye Yamamoto and Wakako Yamauchi,\"\n        <i>\n         MELUS\n        </i>\n        , 7:3 (fall 1980), 23.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref9-9\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref9_9-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Charles Crow, \"The Issei Father in the Fiction of Hisaye Yamamoto,\" in\n        <i>\n         Opening up Literary Criticism: Essays on American Prose and Poetry\n        </i>\n        , ed. Leo Truchlar (Salzburg: Verlag Wolfgang Neugebauer, 1986), 34–40.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref10-10\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref10_10-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Stan Yogi, \"Legacies Revealed: Uncovering Buried Plots in the Stories of Hisaye Yamamoto,\"\n        <i>\n         Studies in American Fiction\n        </i>\n        17:2 (autumn 1989), 170.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref11-11\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref11_11-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Naoko Sugiyama, \"Issei Mother's Silence, Nisei Daughter's Stories: The Short Fiction of Hisaye Yamamoto,\"\n        <i>\n         Comparative Literature Studies\n        </i>\n        33:1 (East-West Issue 1996), 1–14.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n     </ol>\n    </div>\n   </div>\n   <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20231215060902\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.021 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.026 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 281/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 2076/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 254/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 6/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 3966/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n   <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00%   15.086      1 -total\n 24.86%    3.751      1 Template:Reflist\n 18.09%    2.729      1 Template:Databox-People\n 10.39%    1.567      1 Template:Published\n  9.50%    1.433      1 Template:AuthorByline\n-->\n   <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:138-0!canonical and timestamp 20231215060902 and revision id 35642\n -->\n  </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"toplink\">\n <a href=\"#top\">\n  <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\">\n  </i>\n  Top\n </a>\n</div>",
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