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    "url_title": "People in Motion (book)",
    "title_sort": "peopleinmotionbook",
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        "json": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/People%20in%20Motion%20(book)/?format=api",
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    "modified": "2024-02-06T03:07:26",
    "title": "People in Motion (book)",
    "body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <div id=\"databox-BooksDisplay\">\n  <table class=\"infobox\" width=\"200px;\">\n   <tbody>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Title\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      People in Motion: The Postwar Adjustment of the Evacuated Japanese Americans\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Author\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Cullum, Robert M.\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Original Publisher\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      U.S. Department of the Interior\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Original Publication Date\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      1947\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Pages\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      270\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      WorldCat Link\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.worldcat.org/title/people-in-motion-the-postwar-adjustment-of-the-evacuated-japanese-americans-united-states-dept-of-the-interior-war-agency-liquidation-unit-formerly-war-relocation-authority/oclc/16522599/editions?referer=di&amp;editionsView=true\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n       http://www.worldcat.org/title/people-in-motion-the-postwar-adjustment-of-the-evacuated-japanese-americans-united-states-dept-of-the-interior-war-agency-liquidation-unit-formerly-war-relocation-authority/oclc/16522599/editions?referer=di&amp;editionsView=true\n      </a>\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n   </tbody>\n  </table>\n </div>\n <div id=\"databox-Books\" style=\"display:none;\">\n  <p>\n   Title:People in Motion: The Postwar Adjustment of the Evacuated Japanese Americans;\nAuthor:Cullum, Robert M.;\nIllustrator:;\nOrigTitle:;\nCountry:;\nLanguage:;\nSeries:;\nGenre:;\nPublisher:U.S. Department of the Interior;\nPubDate:1947;\nCurrentPublisher:;\nCurrentPubDate:;\nMediaType:;\nPages:270;\nAwards:;\nISBN:;\nWorldCatLink:\n   <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.worldcat.org/title/people-in-motion-the-postwar-adjustment-of-the-evacuated-japanese-americans-united-states-dept-of-the-interior-war-agency-liquidation-unit-formerly-war-relocation-authority/oclc/16522599/editions?referer=di&amp;editionsView=true\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n    http://www.worldcat.org/title/people-in-motion-the-postwar-adjustment-of-the-evacuated-japanese-americans-united-states-dept-of-the-interior-war-agency-liquidation-unit-formerly-war-relocation-authority/oclc/16522599/editions?referer=di&amp;editionsView=true\n   </a>\n   ;\n  </p>\n </div>\n <p>\n  Report on the resettlement period produced by the\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/War_Agency_Liquidation_Unit/\" title=\"War Agency Liquidation Unit\">\n   War Agency Liquidation Unit\n  </a>\n  (WALU), a federal agency formed to finish off the work of the\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/War_Relocation_Authority/\" title=\"War Relocation Authority\">\n   War Relocation Authority\n  </a>\n  (WRA) after it shut down in June 1946. Robert M. Cullum presided over a team of field workers who conducted field research in the summer and fall of 1946 both in areas Japanese Americans settled in outside the West Coast and communities in the former restricted area they returned to after 1945. Cullum and\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Tom_T._Sasaki/\" title=\"Tom T. Sasaki\">\n   Tom Sasaki\n  </a>\n  authored the report, which was released in August 1947.\n </p>\n <div aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\" class=\"toc\" id=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\">\n  <input class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" role=\"button\" style=\"display:none\" type=\"checkbox\"/>\n  <div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n   <h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">\n    Contents\n   </h2>\n   <span class=\"toctogglespan\">\n    <label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\">\n    </label>\n   </span>\n  </div>\n  <ul>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Report_Background\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      1\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Report Background\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Report_Contents_and_Conclusions\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      2\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Report Contents and Conclusions\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#For_More_Information\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      3\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      For More Information\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Footnotes\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      4\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Footnotes\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n  </ul>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Report_Background\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Report_Background\">\n    Report Background\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    In the WRA's final year, the agency produced a series of ten reports on various aspects of its work. When the WRA shut down in June 1946, one of the tasks left to WALU was to produce one final report on the resettlement of Japanese Americans in the one year plus after the end of the war and the closing of the concentration camps. Robert M. Cullum (1909–2000) was appointed as the director of this resettlement study. A native of Michigan and a graduate of Albion College in Michigan, Cullum had worked for the Farm Security Administration before the war as a labor relations adviser and a social science analyst. He later joined the staff of the WRA, serving as an area supervisor first in New York, then in Cleveland. After his stint with WALU, he served as the executive secretary of the Committee for Equality in Naturalization, a group that worked closely with the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Japanese_American_Citizens_League/\" title=\"Japanese American Citizens League\">\n     Japanese American Citizens League\n    </a>\n    in pursuing legislation that allow\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Issei/\" title=\"Issei\">\n     Issei\n    </a>\n    the right of naturalization. He later worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n      [1]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    The stated goal of the study was to \"Analyze the effects of the evacuation from the west coast, and to complete the study of the relocation aspects, such as the new distribution of the people, and adjustment problems that relocated people continue to face in order to provide an adequate history of the effects of the evacuation upon the evacuated people and the country.\" The main study centers were to be\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Resettlement_in_Chicago/\" title=\"Resettlement in Chicago\">\n     Chicago\n    </a>\n    ,\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Resettlement_in_Denver/\" title=\"Resettlement in Denver\">\n     Denver\n    </a>\n    ,\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Little_Tokyo_/_Bronzeville,_Los_Angeles,_California/\" title=\"Little Tokyo / Bronzeville, Los Angeles, California\">\n     Los Angeles\n    </a>\n    , and Seattle, with secondary sites in California's Santa Clara Valley, the Snake River Valley, and Salt Lake City. Additional research in California's San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys was abandoned due to lack of funds.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n      [2]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Cullum's research team were all men who had prior experience in working with Japanese Americans, with all but one having worked for one of the three social science projects engaged in the study of the wartime incarceration. Tom Sasaki, who did fieldwork in Los Angeles, and\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Toshio_Yatsushiro/\" title=\"Toshio Yatsushiro\">\n     Toshio Yatsushiro\n    </a>\n    , who was dispatched to Chicago and Denver and both been on the staff of the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Bureau_of_Sociological_Research,_Poston/\" title=\"Bureau of Sociological Research, Poston\">\n     Bureau of Sociological Research\n    </a>\n    at Poston.\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/John_E._de_Young/\" title=\"John E. de Young\">\n     John de Young\n    </a>\n    (Chicago),\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Asael_T._Hansen/\" title=\"Asael T. Hansen\">\n     Asael T. Hansen\n    </a>\n    (Santa Clara Valley), and\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Elmer_Smith/\" title=\"Elmer Smith\">\n     Elmer Smith\n    </a>\n    (Utah) had all been WRA\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Community_analysts/\" title=\"Community analysts\">\n     community analysts\n    </a>\n    .\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/S._Frank_Miyamoto/\" title=\"S. Frank Miyamoto\">\n     S. Frank Miyamoto\n    </a>\n    , who with\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Robert_O%27Brien/\" title=\"Robert O'Brien\">\n     Robert O'Brien\n    </a>\n    contributed research on Seattle, had worked for the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Japanese_American_Evacuation_and_Resettlement_Study/\" title=\"Japanese American Evacuation and Resettlement Study\">\n     Japanese American Evacuation and Resettlement Study\n    </a>\n    . Each spent between one and four months in their assigned areas. All relied on \"intensive interviewing,\" with the exception of Miyamoto and O'Brien in Seattle, whose research was survey based.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref3_3-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref3-3\">\n      [3]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Report_Contents_and_Conclusions\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Report_Contents_and_Conclusions\">\n    Report Contents and Conclusions\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    After a brief summary of \"relocation\" from the concentration camps and some basic demographic information, the core of the book is made up of four chapters examine various aspects of Japanese American life as of early 1947: \"Public Acceptance,\" \"Economic Adjustment,\" \"Housing Adjustment,\" and \"Social Adjustment,\" with the second and fourth making up the vast majority of the book.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    The relatively short chapter on \"Public Acceptance\" cites improved attitudes of the general public towards Japanese Americans, largely crediting the war record of\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Japanese_Americans_in_military_during_World_War_II/\" title=\"Japanese Americans in military during World War II\">\n     Nisei soldiers\n    </a>\n    , which is noted at length. Much of the rest of the chapter gives a detailed history of the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Alien_land_laws/\" title=\"Alien land laws\">\n     alien land laws\n    </a>\n    , as well as updates on the then current\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Oyama_v._California/\" title=\"Oyama v. California\">\n     Oyama case\n    </a>\n    and the just concluded rejection by California of\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Proposition_15_(1946)/\" title=\"Proposition 15 (1946)\">\n     Proposition 15\n    </a>\n    . The lengthy chapter on \"Economic Adjustment\" looks in detail at both rural and urban areas, with particularly detailed sections on the areas where WALU fieldworkers were stationed. While noting the loss of the prewar agricultural base that largely had sustained the ethnic community and the many more Japanese Americans on public relief, the authors also cite a generally good employment situation, with higher wages and greater opportunities in mainstream business and government, though details differ greatly from place to place. A shorter chapter on \"Housing Adjustment\" summarizes the situation in various cities, with much attention focused on Los Angeles, which had the worst situation at the time. The lengthy chapter on \"Social Adjustment\" is largely focused on the issue of self-segregation versus integration, noting the pros and cons of all Japanese American veterans organizations, churches, recreational groups, and the like.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    While noting continuing discrimination, the general tone is optimistic, with the a brief conclusion citing the future of Japanese Americans as hinging on two primary factors: \"the presence of absence of economic discrimination, and the belief which Americans of Japanese descent come to have about their acceptance in American life.\"\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     People in Motion\n    </i>\n    was released in August 1947. Cullum also authored a lengthy summary of the report that ran in the September 1947 issue of\n    <i>\n     <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Common_Ground_(magazine)/\" title=\"Common Ground (magazine)\">\n      Common Ground\n     </a>\n    </i>\n    magazine. In his\n    <i>\n     <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Pacific_Citizen_(newspaper)/\" title=\"Pacific Citizen (newspaper)\">\n      Pacific Citizen\n     </a>\n    </i>\n    column,\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Bill_Hosokawa/\" title=\"Bill Hosokawa\">\n     Bill Hosokawa\n    </a>\n    called it \"interesting and often startling reading,\" adding that \"Nisei would do well to read it, for it will help them understand themselves.\" Given the relative lack of scholarly literature on the resettlement period,\n    <i>\n     People in Motion\n    </i>\n    continues to be frequently cited by scholars.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_4-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref4-4\">\n      [4]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Many of the reports filed by the WALU fieldworkers that were used to write\n    <i>\n     People in Motion\n    </i>\n    are available online in \"The Japanese American Evacuation and Resettlement: A Digital Archive,\" housed at The Bancroft Library, University of California Berkeley.\n   </p>\n   <div id=\"authorByline\">\n    <b>\n     Authored by\n     <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Brian_Niiya/\" title=\"Brian Niiya\">\n      Brian Niiya\n     </a>\n     , Densho\n    </b>\n   </div>\n   <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n    Niiya, Brian\n   </div>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n    For More Information\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    War Agency Liquidation Unit.\n    <i>\n     People in Motion: The Postwar Adjustment of the Evacuated Japanese Americans\n    </i>\n    . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, [1947].\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n    Footnotes\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n    <div class=\"mw-references-wrap\">\n     <ol class=\"references\">\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Katharine  Luomala, \"Research and the Records of the War Relocation Authority,\"\n        <i>\n         Applied Anthropology\n        </i>\n        7.1 (Winter 1948): 23-32; Robert M. Cullum, \"People in Motion,\"\n        <i>\n         Common Ground\n        </i>\n        , Sept. 1947, 61–68, accessed on Feb. 22, 2015 at\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1947q3-00061\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1947q3-00061\n        </a>\n        ;\n        <i>\n         Pacific Citizen\n        </i>\n        , July 27, 1946, 3, accessed on Jan. 12, 2018 at\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-18-30/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-18-30/\n        </a>\n        . On Cullum, see\n        <i>\n         Pacific Citizen\n        </i>\n        , Nov. 6, 1948, 8 and Dec. 19, 1952, 24, both accessed on Jan. 12, 2018 at\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-20-44/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-20-44/\n        </a>\n        and\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-24-51/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-24-51/\n        </a>\n        .\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        War Agency Liquidation Unit,\n        <i>\n         People in Motion: The Postwar Adjustment of the Evacuated Japanese Americans\n        </i>\n        (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior), 2, 3.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref3-3\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref3_3-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        <i>\n         People in Motion\n        </i>\n        , 3.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref4-4\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_4-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        <i>\n         Pacific Citizen\n        </i>\n        , Aug. 23, 1947, 1 and Bill Hosokawa, \"From the Frying Pan,\"\n        <i>\n         Pacific Citizen\n        </i>\n        , Sept. 13, 1947, 5, both accessed on Jan. 12, 2018 at\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-19-34/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-19-34/\n        </a>\n        and\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-19-37/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-19-37/\n        </a>\n        .\n       </span>\n      </li>\n     </ol>\n    </div>\n   </div>\n   <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20240418160757\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.017 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.023 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 244/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 2997/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 1120/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 5/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 2660/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n   <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00%   16.006      1 -total\n 18.21%    2.914      1 Template:Reflist\n 13.09%    2.096      1 Template:Databox-Books\n  9.38%    1.502      1 Template:AuthorByline\n  8.42%    1.347      1 Template:Published\n-->\n   <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:3260-0!canonical and timestamp 20240418160757 and revision id 36049\n -->\n  </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"toplink\">\n <a href=\"#top\">\n  <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\">\n  </i>\n  Top\n </a>\n</div>",
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