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    "url_title": "Rufus C. Holman",
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    "modified": "2020-07-08T20:35:50",
    "title": "Rufus C. Holman",
    "body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <div id=\"databox-PeopleDisplay\">\n  <table class=\"infobox\" width=\"200px;\">\n   <tbody>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Name\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Rufus C. Holman\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Born\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      October 14 1877\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Died\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      November 27 1959\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Birth Location\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Portland, Oregon\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n   </tbody>\n  </table>\n </div>\n <div id=\"databox-People\" style=\"display:none;\">\n  <p>\n   FirstName:Rufus Cecil;\nLastName:Holman;\nDisplayName:Rufus C. Holman;\nBirthDate:1877-10-14;\nDeathDate:1959-11-27;\nBirthLocation:Portland, Oregon;\nGender:Male;\nEthnicity:White;\nGenerationIdentifier:;\nNationality:;\nExternalResourceLink:;\nPrimaryGeography:;\nReligion:;\n  </p>\n </div>\n <p>\n  Wartime Republican U.S. senator from Oregon who proposed a constitutional amendment that would strip\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nisei/\" title=\"Nisei\">\n   Nisei\n  </a>\n  of their citizenship and legislation and that would put the army in charge of the Japanese American incarceration. Born in Portland on October 14, 1877, Holman was teacher, accountant, and businessman in Portland who was appointed state treasurer in 1931 and won reelection in 1932 and 1936. He was elected to the Senate in 1938. As a senator, he gained a reputation as a reactionary and an anti-Semite, described as \"an isolationist, a party hack, a reactionary, a labor baiter\" and as fitting \"the worst 'Senator Bluster' archetype of the fatuous, speechifying member of the U.S. Senate.\"\n  <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n   <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n    [1]\n   </a>\n  </sup>\n </p>\n <p>\n  In the weeks after the attack on Pearl Harbor, he approached California Senator\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Hiram_Johnson/\" title=\"Hiram Johnson\">\n   Hiram Johnson\n  </a>\n  to gather the senators from the West Coast states for a discussion of defense issues. At that February 2, 1942 meeting, the congressmen formed two committees, the Committee on Defense, chaired by Holman and the Committee on Alien Nationality and Sabotage, chaired by Washington Senator\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Monrad_C._Wallgren/\" title=\"Monrad C. Wallgren\">\n   Monrad C. Wallgren\n  </a>\n  . At a meeting of Holman's committee, the legislators heard testimony from military leaders including General\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Mark_W._Clark/\" title=\"Mark W. Clark\">\n   Mark W. Clark\n  </a>\n  and Chief of Naval Operations Harold Stark downplaying the threat of Japanese invasion. Despite this testimony, the threat of invasion would continue to be cited as a rationale supporting the removal and continued exclusion of Japanese Americans from the West Coast.\n </p>\n <p>\n  In September 1942, Holman proposed a constitutional amendment that would strip Nisei of their citizenship. The proposed amendment would provide that \"persons who under the laws of any foreign nation are deemed to be citizens or subjects of such foreign nation shall not become citizens of the United States, whether born in the United States or not, except to the extent and subject to such terms and conditions as Congress may prescribe.\"\n  <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n   <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n    [2]\n   </a>\n  </sup>\n  The proposal was one of many attempts to attack the citizenship of Nisei, but died quietly. Later, in early 1943, Holman and Wallgren introduced legislation that would shut down the\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/War_Relocation_Authority/\" title=\"War Relocation Authority\">\n   War Relocation Authority\n  </a>\n  (WRA) and transfer management of the concentration camps to the army. Holman subsequently was part of the subcommittee of the Senate Military Affairs Committee (popularly known as the\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Chandler_Committee/\" title=\"Chandler Committee\">\n   Chandler Committee\n  </a>\n  ) that investigated the WRA.\n </p>\n <p>\n  Unpopular even within his own party, Holman faced a challenge from moderate Republican Wayne Morse in the 1944 Republican primary and was handily defeated. Already sixty-six years old, he ended his political career and returned to his box making business. He died on November 27, 1959.\n </p>\n <div id=\"authorByline\">\n  <b>\n   Authored by\n   <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Brian_Niiya/\" title=\"Brian Niiya\">\n    Brian Niiya\n   </a>\n   , Densho\n  </b>\n </div>\n <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n  Niiya, Brian\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n    For More Information\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Coombs, F. Alan. \"Congressional Opinion and War Relocation.\" In\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/japaneseamerican00unse_0\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     <i>\n      Japanese Americans: From Relocation to Redress\n     </i>\n     .\n    </a>\n    Edited by Roger Daniels, Sandra C. Taylor, and Harry H. L. Kitano. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1986. Revised edition. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991. 88-91.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv45233\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Finding aid to Rufus Cecil Holman Papers\n    </a>\n    . Oregon Historical Society.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Grodzins, Morton.\n    <i>\n     Americans Betrayed: Politics and the Japanese Evacuation\n    </i>\n    . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000731\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Holman, Rufus Cecil\n    </a>\n    .\" Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n    Footnotes\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n    <div class=\"mw-references-wrap\">\n     <ol class=\"references\">\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        \"Victory for Morse,\"\n        <i>\n         Time\n        </i>\n        , May 29, 1944, 23, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, accessed June 28, 2013; Jeff LaLande, \"Oregon Voices: Oregon's Last Conservative U.S. Senator: Some Light upon the Little-Known Career of Guy Cordon,\"\n        <i>\n         Oregon Historical Quarterly\n        </i>\n        110.2 (Summer 2009), 233, 258.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        <i>\n         Pacific Citizen\n        </i>\n        , September 24, 1942, p. 1, accessed on Jan. 12, 2018 at\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-14-16/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-14-16/\n        </a>\n        .\n       </span>\n      </li>\n     </ol>\n    </div>\n   </div>\n   <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230613175358\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.014 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.020 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 173/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 1819/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 242/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 6/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 1091/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n   <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00%   15.140      1 -total\n 44.87%    6.794      1 Template:Databox-People\n 16.38%    2.480      1 Template:Reflist\n  8.91%    1.349      1 Template:AuthorByline\n  8.84%    1.339      1 Template:Published\n-->\n   <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:2532-0!canonical and timestamp 20230613175358 and revision id 30555\n -->\n  </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"toplink\">\n <a href=\"#top\">\n  <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\">\n  </i>\n  Top\n </a>\n</div>",
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