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    "url_title": "Common Ground (magazine)",
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    "modified": "2023-12-18T18:12:44",
    "title": "Common Ground (magazine)",
    "body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <div id=\"databox-Magazines\" style=\"display:none;\">\n  <p>\n   Name:;\nYearFounded:;\nFirstDate:;\nFinalDate:;\nFinalIssue:;\nFrequency:;\nEditor:;\nFormerEditors:;\nStaffWriters:;\nPhotographers:;\nFounder:;\nPublisher:;\nCompany:;\nCirculation:;\nCountry:;\nLanguage:;\nISSN:;\nWorldCatLink:;\n  </p>\n </div>\n <p>\n  1940s quarterly magazine that focused on issues facing America's new immigrants and ethnic and racial minorities. Published by the Common Council for American Unity (CCAU) with funding from the Carnegie Corporation of New York,\n  <i>\n   Common Ground\n  </i>\n  featured many articles by and about Japanese Americans, particularly about their wartime incarceration and subsequent resettlement.\n </p>\n <div aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\" class=\"toc\" id=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\">\n  <input class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" role=\"button\" style=\"display:none\" type=\"checkbox\"/>\n  <div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n   <h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">\n    Contents\n   </h2>\n   <span class=\"toctogglespan\">\n    <label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\">\n    </label>\n   </span>\n  </div>\n  <ul>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Background_and_Beginnings\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      1\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Background and Beginnings\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Scope\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      2\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Scope\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Japanese_American_Topics\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      3\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Japanese American Topics\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Shutting_Down\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      4\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Shutting Down\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#For_More_Information\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      5\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      For More Information\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-6\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Common_Ground_Articles_by_or_about_Japanese_Americans\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      6\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      <i>\n       Common Ground\n      </i>\n      Articles by or about Japanese Americans\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-7\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Footnotes\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      7\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Footnotes\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n  </ul>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Background_and_Beginnings\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Background_and_Beginnings\">\n    Background and Beginnings\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    The Common Council for American Unity began as the Division of Work with the Foreign Born, a World War I era government agency formed in 1918. It soon became the Foreign Language Information Service (FLIS), and continued on as an independent organization after being demobilized by the federal government in 1922. It's stated purpose was \"“to aid in a better understanding of the adjustment problems of the foreign born in America, to encourage a keener appreciation of the cultural contributions of the foreign born to America, to promote tolerance, and combat prejudice and discrimination against anyone of foreign birth who has chosen America as his home.”\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-1\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-1\">\n      [1]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    It did PR and educational work, sending out news releases, putting out a monthly newsletter titled\n    <i>\n     The Interpreter\n    </i>\n    , putting on cultural programs, and doing social welfare work. With the immigrant population shrinking through the 1930s, the organization changed its name to the Common Council for American Unity in 1939.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Best selling author\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Louis_Adamic/\" title=\"Louis Adamic\">\n     Louis Adamic\n    </a>\n    had joined the board of FLIS in 1934, bringing with him new visibility and many supporters. Adamic, along with immigration law authority Read Lewis, who had been the director of FLIS nearly since its inception, and staff member M. Margaret Anderson, led the creation of the magazine that would become\n    <i>\n     Common Ground,\n    </i>\n    and secured the grant from the Carnegie Foundation that enabled its creation. The first issue went to press in August 1940. The first printing of 5,000 issues quickly sold out, leading to the printing of 2,500 more copies, buoyed by positive notices in major newspapers and magazines and high profile endorsements. After six months, subscriptions stood at 4,000 despite the relatively high $2 annual subscription cost.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-2\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-2\">\n      [2]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Scope\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Scope\">\n    Scope\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Adamic served as the initial editor of\n    <i>\n     Common Ground\n    </i>\n    , and the early issues largely set the template for full run of the magazine. Each issue ran around 120 pages and featured approximately twenty main articles. These main articles included pieces by and about ethnic and immigrant Americans, both fiction and non-fiction, that sought to educate the larger population about various aspects of the ethnic and immigrant experience. Various regular departments followed, including “The Common Council at Work,” “From the Immigrant Press,” “Organizations and their Work”, “News Notes” and “Miscellany” and “The Bookshelf,\" among others. From the fourth issue, a section of photographs of ordinary ethnic American began to appear. The magazine took no ads, except those for books and occasional United Nations projects. An \"Editorial Aside\" in the first issue stated that \"the aim of Common Ground is to begin to tell the story of the coming and meeting on this continent of peoples belonging to about 60 different national, racial, and religious backgrounds. This story is not now being covered by any other magazine.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-3\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-3\">\n      [3]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Six issues in, Adamic resigned as editor over differences with director Lewis about marketing and the general direction of the organization. Managing Editor Anderson took over as editor and would remain in that position throughout the magazine's run, 31 out of the 37 total issues. The main editorial change that took place under Anderson's editorship was an increase in the number of articles dealing with racism and racial issues, particularly having to do with African Americans, and a relative decline in coverage of white ethnic and immigrant groups. African American poet and activist Langston Hughes, a member of council's editorial advisory board, was the most frequent contributor to the magazine, with sixteen pieces published. Like Hughes and Adamic, many well known writers contributed pieces to\n    <i>\n     Common Ground\n    </i>\n    . But relative unknowns were frequent contributors as well. The second most frequent contributor was Georgian American George Papashvily, who wrote of his immigrant experiences in collaboration with his American born wife Helen Waite. The couple became famous as a result of their\n    <i>\n     Common Ground\n    </i>\n    pieces, the compilation of which became a best selling book.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-4\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-4\">\n      [4]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Japanese_American_Topics\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Japanese_American_Topics\">\n    Japanese American Topics\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    The first piece on Japanese Americans to appear in the magazine was a short story by\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Toshio_Mori/\" title=\"Toshio Mori\">\n     Toshio Mori\n    </a>\n    in the Winter 1940 issue titled \"Lil' Yokohama.\" The story depicted a few days in a Japanese American community in the San Francisco Bay area, built around the all-American pastime of baseball. Other than a brief and approving note on the 1940\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Japanese_American_Citizens_League/\" title=\"Japanese American Citizens League\">\n     JACL\n    </a>\n    convention in Portland, no other stories on Japanese Americans appeared until after the attack on Pearl Harbor.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-5\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-5\">\n      [5]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    The first issue after the the attack featured several pieces by\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nisei/\" title=\"Nisei\">\n     Nisei\n    </a>\n    reflecting on the war and the hopes and fears it brought out, while also affirming each author's faith and hope in America. After reprinting\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Mike_Masaoka/\" title=\"Mike Masaoka\">\n     Mike Masaoka\n    </a>\n    's ultra patriotic \"\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Japanese_American_Creed/\" title=\"Japanese American Creed\">\n     Japanese American Creed\n    </a>\n    ,\" the magazine ran pieces by\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Mary_Oyama_Mittwer/\" title=\"Mary Oyama Mittwer\">\n     Mary Oyama\n    </a>\n    ,\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Tooru_Kanazawa/\" title=\"Tooru Kanazawa\">\n     Tooru Kanazawa\n    </a>\n    , and Satoko Murakami. Oyama's recounts the scene in Los Angeles and the difficulties that enemy alien internment and freeze of\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Issei/\" title=\"Issei\">\n     Issei\n    </a>\n    assets brought on the community before reiterating her gratitude of being an American and her hope that \"[a]fter this stressful period of inevitably intensified prejudice, intolerance, and discrimination, we hope for—and we fight for—a new era where we Nisei will be accepted as full-fledged Americans.\" Oyama would contribute two other pieces to the magazine, an Autumn 1942 piece reporting on life at the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Santa_Anita_(detention_facility)/\" title=\"Santa Anita (detention facility)\">\n     Santa Anita Assembly Center\n    </a>\n    , and a December 1946 piece reporting on her family's return to their home in Los Angeles. Kanazawa's similar piece reports on the scene in New York and ends with his vow to \"take up arms when the Army calls me\" and that \"when the war is finally over, we know it will be found that Japanese Americans have acquitted ourselves creditably and honorably in defense of our country.\" Murakami, a\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Kibei/\" title=\"Kibei\">\n     Kibei\n    </a>\n    who had been raised in Japan until age fifteen, contrasts her Japanese and American educational experiences, while affirming her faith in both Japanese American loyalty and the \"American spirit... to bring the better world of tomorrow.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-6\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-6\">\n      [6]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Once the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans had occurred, reports from behind barbed wire were frequent, both by Japanese American correspondents and sympathetic whites, many of whom were government officials, including\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/War_Relocation_Authority/\" title=\"War Relocation Authority\">\n     War Relocation Authority\n    </a>\n    Director\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Dillon_Myer/\" title=\"Dillon Myer\">\n     Dillon Myer\n    </a>\n    and\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Manzanar/\" title=\"Manzanar\">\n     Manzanar\n    </a>\n    Director\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Ralph_Merritt/\" title=\"Ralph Merritt\">\n     Ralph Merritt\n    </a>\n    . The Summer 1943 issue featured a section of five articles titled \"Democracy Begins at Home—II\" that strongly backed the WRA policy of\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Resettlement/\" title=\"Resettlement\">\n     resettlement\n    </a>\n    , highlighted by editor M. Margaret Anderson's piece, \"Get the Evacuees Out!,\" perhaps the angriest piece on the incarceration to appear in the magazine.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-7\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-7\">\n      [7]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    Anderson's continued interest in Japanese Americans continued after the war, with numerous postwar pieces reported on the progress of the Japanese Americans post-resettlement and on legal gains made in the postwar years. She hired\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Eddie_Shimano/\" title=\"Eddie Shimano\">\n     Eddie Shimano\n    </a>\n    , who had been the editor of the concentration camp newspapers the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Santa_Anita_Pacemaker_(newspaper)/\" title=\"Santa Anita Pacemaker (newspaper)\">\n     Santa Anita Pacemaker\n    </a>\n    and\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Denson_Tribune_(newspaper)/\" title=\"Denson Tribune (newspaper)\">\n     Denson Tribune\n    </a>\n    , enabling him to leave camp to\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Resettlement_in_New_York/\" title=\"Resettlement in New York\">\n     resettle in New York\n    </a>\n    . Serving as assistant editor, Shimano also wrote the \"Current Fiction\" book review feature during the magazine's last year. Anderson was also a friend and advisor to Nisei artist\n    <a class=\"mw-redirect encyc notrg\" href=\"/Mine_Okubo/\" title=\"Mine Okubo\">\n     Miné Okubo\n    </a>\n    , whose drawings often augmented stories in\n    <i>\n     Common Ground\n    </i>\n    .\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-8\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-8\">\n      [8]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Shutting_Down\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Shutting_Down\">\n    Shutting Down\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Through the war years, the\n    <i>\n     Common Ground'\n    </i>\n    s circulation numbers rose steadily, peaking at just under 9,000 in 1946. But after the war, those number began to decline, to 7,617 in 1947, 6,396 in 1948, and 5,826 in 1949, no doubt influenced by changing political winds and growing anti-Communist fervor.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-9\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-9\">\n      [9]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    Further bad news came in 1946 with the results of a study on the Common Council commissioned by the Carnegie Corporation that criticized\n    <i>\n     Common Ground\n    </i>\n    for a lack of focus, for \"too many sentimental, fictional items which have the additional weakness of strengthening feelings of group difference,\" and for having \"too much material on the racial—Negro and Jewish—issues.\" In November 1946, Carnegie informed the council that they would be ending their funding and awarded a final $90,000 grant in January 1947. Carnegie's annual support to the council had been approximately $25,000 to $30,000 a year; though not all for\n    <i>\n     Common Ground,\n    </i>\n    Carnegie's support covered over half of\n    <i>\n     Common Ground\n    </i>\n    annual expense. Though other funders were sought, the gap was too much to make up, and the quarterly ended publication at the end of 1949.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-10\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-10\">\n      [10]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    The legacy of\n    <i>\n     Common Ground\n    </i>\n    is difficult to assess. Though it had a relatively short lifespan and limited circulation, it was widely used by educational groups and other organizations, its articles were frequently reprinted, and it was often consulted by mainstream organizations about minority issues. Deborah Ann Overmyer writes that \"Letters of appreciation came from librarians, teachers in elementary schools through college, social workers, religious leaders, soldiers at home and overseas, and plenty of what Adamic called ‘run-of-the-mill’ Americans.” She also lists 39 books \"which grew directly or indirectly from Common Ground.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-11\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-11\">\n      [11]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    It has been the subject of Overmyer's doctoral dissertation and academic articles by William C. Beye. Most recently, historian Matthew Briones writes about the artists and writers of what he calls the \"Common Ground School\" in his 2012 biography of Charles Kikuchi; it is also often mentioned in studies of ethnic history, Louis Adamic or Langston Hughes. In 2012, the Utz Archive made digital versions of 33 of 37 issues of\n    <i>\n     Common Ground\n    </i>\n    (all but the first four issues) available online.\n   </p>\n   <div id=\"authorByline\">\n    <b>\n     Authored by\n     <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Brian_Niiya/\" title=\"Brian Niiya\">\n      Brian Niiya\n     </a>\n     , Densho\n    </b>\n   </div>\n   <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n    Niiya, Brian\n   </div>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n    For More Information\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    The Unz Archive includes digitizations of 33 of the 37 issues of\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-194\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     <i>\n      Common Ground\n     </i>\n     .\n    </a>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Beyer, William C. \"Searching for 'Common Ground,' 1940–1949: An American Literary Magazine and Its Related Movements in Education and Politics.\" Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1988.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    ———. “Creating ‘Common Ground’ on the Home Front: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in a 1940s Quarterly Magazine.” In\n    <i>\n     The Home-Front War: World War II and American Society\n    </i>\n    . Edited by Kenneth Paul O’Brien and Lynn Hudson Parsons. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1995. 41–61.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Briones, Matthew M.\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/jimjapcrowcultur00brio\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     <i>\n      Jim and Jap Crow: A Cultural History of 1940s Interracial America\n     </i>\n     .\n    </a>\n    Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2012.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Ichioka, Yuji. \"'Unity Within Diversity': Louis Adamic and Japanese Americans.\" In\n    <i>\n     Before Internment: Essays in Prewar Japanese American History\n    </i>\n    . Ed. Gordon H. Chang and Eiichiro Azuma. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006. 127–52.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Overmyer, Deborah Ann. \"\n    <i>\n     Common Ground\n    </i>\n    and America’s Minorities, 1940–1949: A Study in the Changing Climate of Opinion.\" Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 1984.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Wall, Wendy L.\n    <i>\n     Inventing the \"American Way\": The Politics of Consensus from the New Deal to the Civil Rights Movement\n    </i>\n    . New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Common_Ground_Articles_by_or_about_Japanese_Americans\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Common_Ground_Articles_by_or_about_Japanese_Americans\">\n    <i>\n     Common Ground\n    </i>\n    Articles by or about Japanese Americans\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    This list includes all articles with substantial content on Japanese Americans. There are many other articles that contain brief mentions of Japanese American related topics—particularly mentions of events, reviews of books, or excerpts from ethnic newspapers in regular departments such as \"News Notes,\" \"Miscellany,\" and \"The Bookshelf\"—that are not noted here. Also not noted are Eddie Shimano's book review columns that were a regular feature in the 1949 issues.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 1, Number 2, Winter 1940\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Mori, Toshio. \"Lil' Yokohama.\" 54–56. [Short story depicting a few days in a Japanese American community in the Bay Area]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    \"Organizations and Their Work: The Nisei Convention in Portland.\" 78–79. [Account of the 1940 JACL convention reporting on the positive local reception.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 2, Number 3, Spring 1942\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Eleanor_Roosevelt/\" title=\"Eleanor Roosevelt\">\n     Roosevelt, Mrs. Franklin D.\n    </a>\n    \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q1-00009\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The Democratic Effort.\n    </a>\n    \" 9–10. [Call for unity and acceptance of aliens in general and German, Italian and Japanese Americans in particular.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Masaoka, Mike. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q1-00011.\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The Japanese American Creed.\n    </a>\n    \" 11. [Full page reproduction of the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Japanese_American_Creed/\" title=\"Japanese American Creed\">\n     creed\n    </a>\n    .]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Oyama, Mary. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q1-00012\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     After Pearl Harbor—Los Angeles.\n    </a>\n    \" 12–13. [Reflections on the war by a Los Angeles Nisei writer.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Kanazawa, Tooru. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q1-00013\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     After Pearl Harbor—New York City.\n    </a>\n    \" 13–14. [First person account of the situation in New York by a\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Japanese_American_Committee_for_Democracy/\" title=\"Japanese American Committee for Democracy\">\n     Japanese American Committee for Democracy\n    </a>\n    organizer.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Murakami, Satoko. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q1-00015\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     I Am Alive.\n    </a>\n    \" 15–18. [Hopeful personal essay by a Kibei college student raised in Japan until age 15, contrasting her education in Japan and the U.S.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Harville, Margery. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q1-00103\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Dear Mr. Adamic—.\n    </a>\n    \" 103–04. [Letter ostensibly from a 7th grader about ethnic American students at her school, including Nisei students who have been \"treated pretty bad\" since the attack on Pearl Harbor.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 2, Number 4, Summer 1942\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/James_H._Rowe,_Jr./\" title=\"James H. Rowe, Jr.\">\n     Rowe, James, Jr.\n    </a>\n    \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q2-00019\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The Alien Enemy Program—So Far.\n    </a>\n    \" 19–24. [Outline and defense of the Justice Department's program by an assistant to the attorney general notes\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Executive_Order_9066/\" title=\"Executive Order 9066\">\n     Executive Order 9066\n    </a>\n    without mentioning Japanese Americans.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Carey_McWilliams/\" title=\"Carey McWilliams\">\n     McWilliams, Carey\n    </a>\n    . \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q2-00065\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Japanese Evacuation: Policy and Perspectives.\n    </a>\n    \" 65–72. [Outlines various considerations in formulating a policy for the ongoing \"herculean and utterly novel project.\"]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Kawachi, Asami. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q2-00073\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Strangers' Rice.\n    </a>\n    \" 73–76. [\"First-place winner in the college division of Common Ground's Writing contest, Asami Kawachi was a student at Los Angeles City College, Los Angeles, California.\" Tells her life story as a Nisei who returned to Japan with her mother and siblings at age 11, coming back at 13 to be raised by foster parents.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q2-00111\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     America's Youngest Newspaper.\n    </a>\n    \" 111–12. [On the beginnings of the\n    <i>\n     <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Manzanar_Free_Press_(newspaper)/\" title=\"Manzanar Free Press (newspaper)\">\n      Manzanar Free Press\n     </a>\n    </i>\n    .]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 3, Number 1, Autumn 1942\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Brown, Robert L. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q3-00027\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Manzanar—Relocation Center.\n    </a>\n    \" 27–32. [On the arrival and adjustment of Manzanar population by the public relations director\" at Manzanar.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Oyama, Mary. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q3-00032\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     This Isn't Japan.\n    </a>\n    \" 32–34. [Sketch of life at Santa Anita;\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q4-00107\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     two letters in response\n    </a>\n    published in Dec. 1943 issue.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q3-00088\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Sincerely Yours: Letters to Louis Adamic.\n    </a>\n    \" 88–90. [One is by a Nisei who decries the discrimination leading to incarceration.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 3, Number 3, Spring 1943\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q1-00083\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     What Happened at Manzanar: A Report.\n    </a>\n    \" 83–86. [Unsigned account of the Manzanar riot/uprising of Dec. 1942.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Merritt, Ralph P.\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q1-00083\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Untitled letter to aunt.\n    </a>\n    86–88. [On Christmas at Manzanar in the wake of the riot/uprising by the camp director at Manzanar.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 3, Number 4, Summer 1943\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Anderson, M. Margaret. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q2-00065\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Get the Evacuees Out!\n    </a>\n    \" 65–66. [Appeals to all Americans to aid in resettlement efforts and serves as introduction to the series of articles on Japanese Americans in this issue titled \"Democracy Begins at Home—II.\"]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Frase, Robert W. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q2-00067\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Relocating a People.\n    </a>\n    \" 67–72. [Case for large scale resettlement out of the camps made by the WRA's assistant chief of the employment division.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Robert_O%27Brien/\" title=\"Robert O'Brien\">\n     O'Brien, Robert W.\n    </a>\n    \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q2-00073\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Student Relocation.\n    </a>\n    \" 73–78. [On the ongoing program to send Nisei from the camps to colleges by one of the leaders of that effort.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Shimano, Eddie. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q2-00078\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Blueprint for a Slum.\n    </a>\n    \" 78–85. [Bleak portrayal of life behind barbed wire that advocates strongly for resettlement; editor of the camp newspapers at Santa Anita and\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Jerome/\" title=\"Jerome\">\n     Jerome\n    </a>\n    , the author is \"awaiting induction into the Army\" while on the staff of\n    <i>\n     Common Ground\n    </i>\n    .]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Sickels, Alice L. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q2-00086\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     St. Paul Extends a Hand.\n    </a>\n    \" 86–87. [Rosy picture of resettlement in St. Paul, Minnesota by the \"executive of the International Institute in St. Paul and secretary of the St. Paul Resettlement Committee.\"]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 4, Number 1, Autumn 1943\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    McWilliams, Carey. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q3-00007\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Race Tensions: Second Phase.\n    </a>\n    \" 7–12. [On the rise of racial tensions in the U.S., including the rise of anti-Japanese activity in California despite the incarceration.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Goodman, Ezra. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q3-00094\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Motion Pictures of the Quarter.\n    </a>\n    \" 94–95. [Review of current movies mostly focuses on\n    <i>\n     Air Force\n    </i>\n    and its inaccurate portrayal of Japanese Americans in Hawai'i.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 4, Number 2, Winter 1943\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Myer, Dillon S. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q4-00043\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Democracy in Relocation.\n    </a>\n    \" 43–48. [Overview of \"relocation\" to that point by the director of the WRA, ending with efforts to reenter inmates into the labor force through leave for farm work.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Morimitsu, George. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q4-00089\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Shipment.\n    </a>\n    \" 89–90. [On new soldiers shipping out from the Reception Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, where the author works.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 4, Number 3, Spring 1944\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Beshoar, Barron B. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1944q1-00023\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Report from the Mountain States.\n    </a>\n    \" 23–30. [includes a discussion of employment issues faced by resettled Japanese Americans by the regional chief of information of the War Manpower Commission in the mountain states.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Yasuo_Kuniyoshi/\" title=\"Yasuo Kuniyoshi\">\n     Kuniyoshi, Yasuo\n    </a>\n    . \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1944q1-00033\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The Artist and the War.\n    </a>\n    \" 33–35. [Speech delivered at the American Common by the well known artist, addressing his thoughts about the war, his role in it, and the role of art.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Cranston, Alan. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1944q1-00075\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Friendship Through Food: Food Follows Our Flag.\n    </a>\n    \" 75–78. [On the role of food production in the war effort; notes the contributions of Japanese Americans' agricultural labor in and out of the WRA camps.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Kehoe, Monika. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1944q1-00099\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Education for Resettlement.\n    </a>\n    \" 99–101. [On adult education at Gila by the director of adult education there.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 4, Number 4, Summer 1944\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Ben_Kuroki/\" title=\"Ben Kuroki\">\n     Kuroki, Sergeant Ben\n    </a>\n    . \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1944q2-00044\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Fighting Together.\n    </a>\n    \" 44–52. [War hero Kuroki's address before the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco in February describes his experiences as a Nisei tail gunner.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    McWilliams, Carey. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1944q2-00061\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The Nisei Speak.\n    </a>\n    \" 61–73. [Excerpts from letters sent to the author by Japanese Americans reflecting on their \"amazing adventure\"; a condensation of a chapter from his book.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Konvitz, Milton R. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1944q2-00098\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The Pursuit of Liberty: Alien Chinese Now Eligible to Own Land.\n    </a>\n    \" 100–01. [The first of several articles (this on on\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Alien_land_laws/\" title=\"Alien land laws\">\n     alien land laws\n    </a>\n    ) by the renowned legal scholar who was then an assistant general counsel to Thurgood Marshall at the NAACP Legal Defense Fund.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 5, Number 1, Autumn 1944\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Konvitz, Milton R. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1944q3-00095\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The Pursuit of Liberty: The Right of Residence.\n    </a>\n    \" 95–96. [Review of legal cases in the face of local efforts to prevent Japanese American resettlement.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Konvitz, Milton R. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1944q3-00095\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The Pursuit of Liberty: Segregation By Federal Law.\n    </a>\n    \" 96–97. [Review of\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Hirabayashi_v._United_States/\" title=\"Hirabayashi v. United States\">\n     Hirabayashi case\n    </a>\n    .]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 5, Number 2, Winter 1944\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Francis_Biddle/\" title=\"Francis Biddle\">\n     Biddle, Francis\n    </a>\n    . \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1944q4-00003\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Democracy and Racial Minorities\n    </a>\n    ,\" part of \"Are Race Relations the Business of the Federal Government?\" symposium. 3–12. [Speech delivered on Nov. 11, 1943 before the Jewish Theological Seminary of America that deals mostly with the situations of Japanese and African American and that seems to oppose a federal race relations committee.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Larry_Tajiri/\" title=\"Larry Tajiri\">\n     Tajiri, Larry\n    </a>\n    . \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1944q4-00090\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Farewell to Little Tokyo.\n    </a>\n    \" 90–94. [Assessment of the situation for Japanese Americans, advocating for the ending of Little Tokyos and for Japanese Americans seeing themselves as part of the larger racial problem in the U.S.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 5, Number 3, Spring 1945\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    The People of Sierra Madre. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1945q1-00017\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Two Advertisements.\n    </a>\n    \" 17–19. [Reprint of two ads that appeared in the\n    <i>\n     Sierra Madre News\n    </i>\n    in November and December 1944, the first taking an anti-Japanese slant in promoting a blood drive for American G.I.s and the second a call for fair play for returning Japanese Americans.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Beshoar, Barron B. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1945q1-00019\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     When Goodwill Is Organized.\n    </a>\n    \" 19–22. [On the successful campaign to defeat a November 1944 alien land law ballot initiative in Colorado by one of its organizers.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 5, Number 4, Summer 1945\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Konvitz, Milton R. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1945q2-00094\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The Pursuit of Liberty: The Constitution and Foreign Languages.\n    </a>\n    \" 94–96. [Discussion of foreign language instruction in the U.S. includes discussion of\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Japanese_language_schools/\" title=\"Japanese language schools\">\n     Japanese language schools\n    </a>\n    .]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 6, Number 1, Autumn 1945\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Kimble, G. Eleanor. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1945q3-00045\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Restrictive Covenants.\n    </a>\n    \" 45–52. [includes discussion of\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Restrictive_covenants/\" title=\"Restrictive covenants\">\n     housing issues\n    </a>\n    facing returning Japanese Americans.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Myer, Dillon S. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1945q3-00061\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Japanese American Relocation: Final Chapter.\n    </a>\n    \" 61–66.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 6, Number 3, Spring 1946\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Seton, Marie. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1946q1-00034\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Saturday Nights: Americans Meet Americans.\n    </a>\n    \" 34–36. [On dinner parties arranged by the author in Chicago with guests of different races, including resettled Japanese Americans.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Constable, M. H. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1946q1-00047\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Nisei, Nisei!\n    </a>\n    \" 47–48. [Poem; \"M. H. Constable in private life is Mary Takahashi. Born in Boston, she now lives and works as a writer in Chicago.\"]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Smith, Bradford. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1946q1-00071\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Case History.\n    </a>\n    \" 71–76. [Short story about a Nisei couple settling in \"Centreville\" and trying to open a flower shop, told from the  perspective of the various people they encounter in the town.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Shapiro, Leo. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1946q1-00102\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Intergroup Education.\n    </a>\n    \" 102–05. [On race relations high school curricula in Seattle and Minneapolis, the former of which is titled \"Toward Preparing Students for the Return to Seattle of Japanese Americans.\"]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 6, Number 4, Summer 1946\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Constable, M. H. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1946q2-00033\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Kei-Lan.\n    </a>\n    \" [Poem.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Shapiro, Leo. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1946q2-00102\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Intergroup Education.\n    </a>\n    \" 102–05. [On a San Francisco \"intercultural education\" program; notes the omission of Japanese Americans from it.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 7, Number 1, Autumn 1946\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Greene, Stephen. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1946q3-00017\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Nisei—Ears for the Government.\n    </a>\n    \" 17–20. [Laudatory account of Kibei/Nisei translators of Japanese radio broadcasts in the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service—who were allowed to stay in the Pacific Northwest during the war—by the head of the Portland office.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 7, Number 2, Winter 1946\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Oyama, Mary. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1946q4-00026\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     A Nisei Report from Home.\n    </a>\n    \" 26–28. [Account of the author's family's relatively smooth return to their Los Angeles home.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Kimble, G. Eleanor. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1946q4-00074\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The 'Disloyal' at Tule Lake.\n    </a>\n    \" 74–81. [Analysis of the population remaining at\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Tule_Lake/\" title=\"Tule Lake\">\n     Tule Lake\n    </a>\n    at the end of 1945 by a former head counselor there.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 7, Number 3, Spring 1947\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Haan, Aubrey. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1947q1-00003\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Books Make Bigots.\n    </a>\n    \" 3–12. [Survey of California social studies textbooks finds treatment of minorities—including Japanese and Japanese Americans—wanting.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Keroher, Grace Cable. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1947q1-00027\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     California's Proposition 15.\n    </a>\n    \" 27–32. [On the successful effort to defeat California's\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Proposition_15_(1946)/\" title=\"Proposition 15 (1946)\">\n     Proposition 15\n    </a>\n    , which would have amended the state constitution to make the alien land laws permanent.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 7, Number 4, Summer 1947.\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Walsh, Richard J. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1947q2-00012\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     For Equality in Naturalization.\n    </a>\n    \" 12–17. [Argues the unfairness of racial bans on naturalization, citing effects on international relations and impact on Issei parents of Nisei soldiers killed in the war.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Konvitz, Milton R. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1947q2-00092\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The Pursuit of Liberty: Alien Land Laws Before the Supreme Court.\n    </a>\n    \" 92–94. [Review of the pending\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Oyama_v._California/\" title=\"Oyama v. California\">\n     Oyama case\n    </a>\n    .]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 8, Number 1, Autumn 1947\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Cullum, Robert M. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1947q3-00061\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     People in Motion.\n    </a>\n    \" 61–68. [Summary of the recent\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/People_in_Motion_(book)/\" title=\"People in Motion (book)\">\n     government publication\n    </a>\n    on resettlement by its principal author.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 8, Number 2, Winter 1947\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Smith, Bradford. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1947q4-00034\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The Great American Swindle.\n    </a>\n    \" 34–38. [On the sad fate of Japanese American owned property and belongings after their removal; includes illustrations by Miné Okubo.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 8, Number 3, Spring 1948\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Rose, Arnold M. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1948q1-00072\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Progress Report.\n    </a>\n    \" 72–80. [Overview of racial progress in the U.S. by the co-author of\n    <i>\n     An American Dilemma\n    </i>\n    includes a brief discussion of Japanese American resettlers in St. Louis.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 8, Number 4, Summer 1948\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Toyo_Suyemoto/\" title=\"Toyo Suyemoto\">\n     Suyemoto, Toyo\n    </a>\n    . \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1948q2-00010\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Transplanting.\n    </a>\n    \"10. [Short poem.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Baldwin, Roger. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1948q2-00024\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The Nisei in Japan.\n    </a>\n    \" 24–28. [Description of the author's trip to Japan to investigate Nisei who had been trapped there during the war, a number he estimates at 10,000, half of whom had lost their citizenship somewhat arbitrarily and nearly all of whom wanted to return to the U.S.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Okada, Ferd. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1948q2-00068\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Rice Instead of Potato.\n    </a>\n    \" 68–71. [Short story about eating in a Chinese restaurant in Nevada; illustrated by Miné Okubo.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Konvitz, Milton R. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1948q2-00102\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The Pursuit of Liberty: California Japanese Fishing Case Before Supreme Court.\n    </a>\n    \" 102–04. [On the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Takahashi_v._Fish_and_Game_Commission/\" title=\"Takahashi v. Fish and Game Commission\">\n     Takahashi case\n    </a>\n    that challenged the ban on fishing licenses for Issei.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 9, Number 2, Winter 1948\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Smith, Bradford. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1948q4-00034\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Legalized Blackmail.\n    </a>\n    \" 34–36. [On fees levied by California against Nikkei landowners targeted in\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Escheat_suits/\" title=\"Escheat suits\">\n     escheat cases\n    </a>\n    to quiet title.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 9, Number 3, Spring 1949\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    McWiliams, Carey. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1949q1-00003\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Los Angeles: An Emerging Pattern.\n    </a>\n    \" 3–9. [includes a brief discussion of Japanese Americans; with sketches by Miné Okubo.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    O'Brien, Robert W. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1949q1-00018\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Seattle: Race Relations Frontier, 1949.\n    </a>\n    \" 18–23. [An assessment of race relations in Seattle—including the state of the Japanese community—and descriptions of early efforts at community planning.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Mitsu_Yashima/\" title=\"Mitsu Yashima\">\n     Yashima, Mitsu\n    </a>\n    . \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1949q1-00041\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Letter to Mako to Meet Again.\n    </a>\n    \" 41–46. [Letter to the author's\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Mako/\" title=\"Mako\">\n     fourteen year old son\n    </a>\n    by a Japanese refugee artist living in New York on the eve of his coming the U.S. to join his parents after a ten-year separation.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 9, Number 4, Summer 1949\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Konvitz, Milton R. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1949q2-00096\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The Pursuit of Liberty.\n    </a>\n    \" 96–101. [Includes a discussion of the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Kenji_Namba_v._McCourt/\" title=\"Kenji Namba v. McCourt\">\n     Namba case\n    </a>\n    , which challenged the alien land law in Oregon.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Volume 10, Number 2, Winter 1949\n    </i>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Smith, Bradford. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1949q4-00016\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Japanese Etiquette.\n    </a>\n    \" 16–20. [Humorous short story about the first encounter between an Issei housekeeper and her harried white employer; includes an illustration by Miné Okubo.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Cogley, John. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1949q4-00037\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The Busy Bishop.\n    </a>\n    \" 37–46. [Profile of Bishop Bernard James Sheil, founder of the Catholic Youth Organization; among many other things, he assisted with resettlement to Chicago, starting Nisei House.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Cullum, Robert M. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1949q4-00087\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Japanese American Audit—1948.\n    </a>\n    \" 87–92. [Generally positive assessment of Japanese American fortunes, highlighting the work of the JACL.]\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n    Footnotes\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n    <div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n     <ol class=\"references\">\n      <li id=\"cite_note-1\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-1\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Quoted in Deborah Ann Overmyer, \"Common Ground and America’s Minorities, 1940–1949: A Study in the Changing Climate of Opinion” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 1984) 39–40.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-2\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-2\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Among Adamic's books was\n        <i>\n         From Many Lands\n        </i>\n        , which contained the classic essay \"\n        <a class=\"encyc rg\" href=\"/A_Young_American_with_a_Japanese_Face_(essay)/\" title=\"A Young American with a Japanese Face (essay)\">\n         A Young American with a Japanese Face\n        </a>\n        ,\" anonymously authored by Charles Kikuchi. William C. Beyer, “Creating ‘Common Ground’ on the Home Front: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in a 1940s Quarterly Magazine,” in\n        <i>\n         The Home-Front War: World War II and American Society\n        </i>\n        , edited by Kenneth Paul O’Brien and Lynn Hudson Parsons (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1995), 42–43.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-3\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-3\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        \"Editorial Aside,\"\n        <i>\n         Common Ground\n        </i>\n        1.1 (Autumn 1940), 2.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-4\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-4\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Beyer, \"Creating 'Common Ground,'\" 47, 50.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-5\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-5\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Toshio Mori, \"Lil' Yokohama,\"\n        <i>\n         Common Ground\n        </i>\n        1.2 (Winter 1940), 54–56; \"Organizations and Their Work: The Nisei Convention in Portland,\"\n        <i>\n         Common Ground\n        </i>\n        1.2 (Winter 1940), 78–79.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-6\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-6\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Mike Masaoka, \"The Japanese American Creed,\"\n        <i>\n         Common Ground\n        </i>\n        2.3 (Spring 1942), 11,\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q1-00011\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q1-00011\n        </a>\n        ; Mary Oyama, \"After Pearl Harbor—Los Angeles,\"\n        <i>\n         Common Ground\n        </i>\n        2.3 (Spring 1942), 13,\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q1-00012\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q1-00012\n        </a>\n        ; Tooru Kanazawa, \"After Pearl Harbor—New York City,\"\n        <i>\n         Common Ground\n        </i>\n        2.3 (Spring 1942), 14,\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q1-00013\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q1-00013\n        </a>\n        ; Satoko Murakama, \"I Am Alive,\"\n        <i>\n         Common Ground\n        </i>\n        2.3 (Spring 1942), 18,\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q1-00015\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q1-00015\n        </a>\n        ; Mary Oyama, \"This Isn't Japan,\"\n        <i>\n         Common Ground\n        </i>\n        3.1 (Autumn 1942) 32–34,\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q3-00032\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1942q3-00032\n        </a>\n        ; Mary Oyama, \"A Nisei Report from Home,\"\n        <i>\n         Common Ground\n        </i>\n        7.2 (Winter 1946), 26–28,\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1946q4-00026\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1946q4-00026\n        </a>\n        , all accessed on January 17, 2013. See also Yuji Ichioka, “’Unity Within Diversity’: Louis Adamic and Japanese Americans,” in\n        <i>\n         Before Internment: Essays in Prewar Japanese American History,\n        </i>\n        ed. Gordon H. Chang and Eiichiro Azuma (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), 143–45.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-7\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-7\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Dillon S. Myer, \"Democracy in Relocation,\"\n        <i>\n         Common Ground\n        </i>\n        4.2 (Winter 1943), 43–48,\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q4-00043\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q4-00043\n        </a>\n        ; Ralph P. Merritt, Untitled letter to aunt,\n        <i>\n         Common Ground\n        </i>\n        3.3 (Spring 1943), 86–88,\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q1-00083\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q1-00083\n        </a>\n        ; Dillon S. Myer, \"Japanese American Relocation: Final Chapter,\"\n        <i>\n         Common Ground\n        </i>\n        6.1 (Autumn 1945), 61–64,\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1945q3-00061\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1945q3-00061\n        </a>\n        . In strikingly contemporary language, Anderson writes \"It seems crystal clear that against our Japanese Americans democracy has done deep wrong. Evacuated from their West Coast homes in the hysteria that followed Pearl Harbor, over 100,000 people, two-thirds of them native born-American citizens, have been detained now over a year in government camps euphemistically known as relocation centers but uncomfortably close to concentration camps; detained not on investigated and determined dangerousness to the country, but because they happen to have been born with Japanese faces and names, and because the rest of us—citizens by no better right that the almost 70,000 Nisei, the accidental right of birth—forgot for a moment the story of transplantation that lies behind all American citizenship, were blind to the implications of something that threatened the security of all Americans. For if the United States government can not only evacuate from designated areas but indefinitely detain American citizens, without a hearing, only because of race or nationality background, than no one of us is safe.\" M. Margaret Anderson, \"Get the Evacuees Out!,\"\n        <i>\n         Common Ground 3.4 (Summer 1943), 65,\n         <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q2-00065\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n          http://www.unz.org/Pub/CommonGround-1943q2-00065\n         </a>\n         , all accessed on January 17, 2013.\n        </i>\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-8\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-8\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Anderson also helped Okubo organize a show of her drawings and subsequently sent in on a national tour. Greg Robinson,\n        <i>\n         After Camp: Portraits in Midcentury Japanese American Life and Politics\n        </i>\n        (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012), 76.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-9\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-9\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Overmyer, \"'Common Ground,'\" 387n5.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-10\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-10\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Overmyer, \"'Common Ground,'\" 294–96, 353; quotes from the Carnegie Corporation's report from p. 294.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-11\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-11\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Overmyer, \"'Common Ground,'\" 356–57, 410–12.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n     </ol>\n    </div>\n   </div>\n   <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20231218181244\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.024 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.028 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 287/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 789/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 58/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 5/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 7688/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n   <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00%   13.614      1 -total\n 29.12%    3.965      1 Template:Reflist\n 11.47%    1.561      1 Template:Databox-Magazines\n 10.75%    1.463      1 Template:Published\n 10.67%    1.453      1 Template:AuthorByline\n-->\n   <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:1472-0!canonical and timestamp 20231218181244 and revision id 35695\n -->\n  </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"toplink\">\n <a href=\"#top\">\n  <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\">\n  </i>\n  Top\n </a>\n</div>",
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