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{ "url_title": "Fifth column", "title_sort": "fifthcolumn", "links": { "json": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Fifth%20column/?format=api", "html": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Fifth%20column?format=api" }, "modified": "2020-06-12T16:44:40", "title": "Fifth column", "body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <div class=\"floatright\">\n </div>\n <p>\n A fifth column is a group of people residing in a given country who work to actively support a wartime enemy of that country from within by engaging in espionage or sabotage or who engage in such activities in anticipation of war. The term derives from the Spanish Civil War.\n </p>\n <p>\n There were two notable instances of fifth column accusations aimed at Japanese Americans. Shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Secretary of the Navy\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Frank_Knox/\" title=\"Frank Knox\">\n Frank Knox\n </a>\n journeyed to the islands and subsequently made the infamous statement, \"I think the most effective Fifth Column work of the entire war was done in Hawaii with the exception of Norway.\"\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_1-0\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref4-1\">\n [1]\n </a>\n </sup>\n Despite\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/J._Edgar_Hoover/\" title=\"J. Edgar Hoover\">\n J. Edgar Hoover's\n </a>\n later denial of such activity—and the subsequent lack of any evidence to corroborate Knox's assertion—the charges stuck. The subsequent\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Roberts_Commission_report/\" title=\"Roberts Commission report\">\n Roberts Commission Report\n </a>\n also failed to contradict these charges.\n </p>\n <p>\n Later, in February 1942, influential syndicated columnist Walter Lippmann wrote a column titled \"\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/The_Fifth_Column_on_the_Coast/\" title=\"The Fifth Column on the Coast\">\n The Fifth Column on the Coast\n </a>\n \" based on his discussions with California Attorney General\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Earl_Warren/\" title=\"Earl Warren\">\n Earl Warren\n </a>\n that repeated Knox's charges and that cast doubt on\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nisei/\" title=\"Nisei\">\n Nisei\n </a>\n as well as\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Issei/\" title=\"Issei\">\n Issei\n </a>\n . The fifth column specter raised by both of these instances—despite the lack of any actual evidence to suspect Japanese Americans—contributed to the climate that culminated in\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Executive_Order_9066/\" title=\"Executive Order 9066\">\n Executive Order 9066\n </a>\n .\n </p>\n <div id=\"authorByline\">\n <b>\n Authored by\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Brian_Niiya/\" title=\"Brian Niiya\">\n Brian Niiya\n </a>\n , Densho\n </b>\n </div>\n <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n Niiya, Brian\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n <h2>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n For More Information\n </span>\n </h2>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <p>\n Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians.\n <i>\n Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians\n </i>\n . Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1982. Foreword by Tetsuden Kashima. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997.\n </p>\n <p>\n MacDonnell, Francis.\n <i>\n The Axis Fifth Column and the American Home Front\n </i>\n . New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.\n </p>\n <p>\n Robinson, Greg.\n <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/tragedyofdemocra00robi\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n <i>\n A Tragedy of Democracy: Japanese Confinement in North America\n </i>\n </a>\n . New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.\n </p>\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n <h2>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n Footnotes\n </span>\n </h2>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n <div class=\"mw-references-wrap\">\n <ol class=\"references\">\n <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref4-1\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_1-0\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n Cited in Greg Robinson,\n <i>\n A Tragedy of Democracy: Japanese Confinement in North America\n </i>\n (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), 63.\n </span>\n </li>\n </ol>\n </div>\n </div>\n <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230521153433\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.012 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.017 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 76/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 514/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 58/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 5/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 467/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 11.865 1 -total\n 18.61% 2.208 1 Template:Reflist\n 11.21% 1.330 1 Template:AuthorByline\n 10.90% 1.293 1 Template:Published\n-->\n <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:94-0!canonical and timestamp 20230521153433 and revision id 30027\n -->\n </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"toplink\">\n <a href=\"#top\">\n <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\">\n </i>\n Top\n </a>\n</div>", "categories": [ "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/categories/Definitions/?format=api" ], "sources": [ "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/sources/en-denshopd-i67-00001-2/?format=api" ], "coordinates": {}, "authors": [ "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/authors/Brian%20Niiya/?format=api" ], "ddr_topic_terms": [ "https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/facet/topics/topics-170/objects/", "https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/facet/topics/topics-427/objects/", "https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/facet/topics/topics-528/objects/" ], "prev_page": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Federal%20Bureau%20of%20Investigation/?format=api", "next_page": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Fifty%20Years%20of%20Silence:%20The%20Untold%20Story%20of%20Japanese%20American%20Soldiers%20in%20the%20Pacific%20Theater,%201941-1952%20(film)/?format=api" }