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{ "url_title": "Fresno Grapevine (newspaper)", "title_sort": "fresnograpevinenewspaper", "links": { "json": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Fresno%20Grapevine%20(newspaper)/?format=api", "html": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Fresno%20Grapevine%20(newspaper)?format=api" }, "modified": "2024-01-13T04:43:03", "title": "Fresno Grapevine (newspaper)", "body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <div id=\"databox-NewspapersDisplay\">\n <table class=\"infobox\" width=\"200px;\">\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Publication Name\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Fresno Grapevine\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Camp\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Fresno_(detention_facility)/\" title=\"Fresno (detention facility)\">\n Fresno (detention facility)\n </a>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Start of Publication\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n May 23, 1942\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n End of Publication\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n October 17, 1942\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Predecessor\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Fresno Center News\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Mode of Production\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Mimeograph\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Staff Members\n </th>\n <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n Ellen Ayako Noguchi (editor); Howard Renge (associate editor); Richard Itanaga (city editor); Otoichi Noma (Japanese editor); Tad Hitomi (translator); Fred Harada (reporter); John Hirohata (reporter); Carl Kurihara (reporter); Lily Koyama (reporter); Sam Nakagama (reporter); Alice Sumida (reporter); Tom Toyama (reporter); Seico Hanashiro (editorial assistant); George Mochizuki (copy editor); Haruko Kawano (artist); Eddie Kurushima (cartoonist); Shiro Kurihara (circulation, business manager); Mari Asakawa (secretary); Kimi Hiwano (senior typist); Sumi Ishii (senior typist); Hazel Mizusaki (senior typist); Marion Nakatsuma (senior typist); Kiyomi Nakamura (head technician); Ben Fujii (technician); I. J. Iwamoto (technician); John Kikuta (technician); Hugh Muranaka (technician); Tsugio Nakagama (technician); Shunji Yamagata (technician)\n </td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n </table>\n </div>\n <div id=\"databox-Newspapers\" style=\"display:none;\">\n <p>\n PublicationName:Fresno Grapevine;\nCampArticle:Fresno (detention facility);\nPublicationStartDate:May 23, 1942;\nPublicationEndDate:October 17, 1942;\nPredecessorPub:Fresno Center News;\nSuccessorPub:;\nModeOfProduction:Mimeograph;\nStaff:Ellen Ayako Noguchi (editor); Howard Renge (associate editor); Richard Itanaga (city editor); Otoichi Noma (Japanese editor); Tad Hitomi (translator); Fred Harada (reporter); John Hirohata (reporter); Carl Kurihara (reporter); Lily Koyama (reporter); Sam Nakagama (reporter); Alice Sumida (reporter); Tom Toyama (reporter); Seico Hanashiro (editorial assistant); George Mochizuki (copy editor); Haruko Kawano (artist); Eddie Kurushima (cartoonist); Shiro Kurihara (circulation, business manager); Mari Asakawa (secretary); Kimi Hiwano (senior typist); Sumi Ishii (senior typist); Hazel Mizusaki (senior typist); Marion Nakatsuma (senior typist); Kiyomi Nakamura (head technician); Ben Fujii (technician); I. J. Iwamoto (technician); John Kikuta (technician); Hugh Muranaka (technician); Tsugio Nakagama (technician); Shunji Yamagata (technician);\n </p>\n </div>\n <div class=\"floatright\">\n </div>\n <p>\n Newspaper of the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Fresno_(detention_facility)/\" title=\"Fresno (detention facility)\">\n Fresno Assembly Center\n </a>\n that had one of the longest runs of any\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Assembly_centers/\" title=\"Assembly centers\">\n assembly center\n </a>\n paper, forty-four issues. In addition to the twice weekly newspaper,\n <i>\n Grapevine\n </i>\n staff members also printed various forms and announcements for the administration and produced a one hundred page yearbook titled\n <i>\n Vignette\n </i>\n upon the camp's closing. Ellen Ayako Noguchi was the editor throughout the paper's lifespan.\n </p>\n <p>\n As with other\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Newspapers_in_camp/\" title=\"Newspapers in camp\">\n camp newspapers\n </a>\n , the\n <i>\n Grapevine\n </i>\n provided inmates with basic news about the camp—announcements of events, sports results, news of weddings and births, profiles of white administrators and inmate workers, and the like. It featured regular columns by Editor Noguchi (\"Pineknot Portrait\") and City Editor Richard Itanaga (\"Between the Barracks\") along with updates on other camps, editorials, and cartoons by Eddie Kurushima. Associate Editor Howard Renge handled the editorial page. The paper also printed various official pronouncement by Camp Manager Ellis P. Pulliam and other staff. Also as with other assembly center newspapers, the\n <i>\n Grapevine\n </i>\n was subject to censorship, which was acknowledged in a July 4 story about how the paper was put together.\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n [1]\n </a>\n </sup>\n </p>\n <p>\n The first issue of the paper was titled the\n <i>\n Fresno Center News\n </i>\n and appeared on May 23, 1942, seventeen days after the official opening of the camp. This first issue ran six pages, four in English and two in Japanese. Subsequent issues would include only English. With the second issue on May 27, the name\n <i>\n Grapevine\n </i>\n had been chosen, based \"a careful study of the 46 suggestions received.\"\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n [2]\n </a>\n </sup>\n From the third issue, a six-page format was established that would rarely vary. One of the most stable of the assembly center papers, the\n <i>\n Grapevine\n </i>\n appeared regularly on Wednesdays and Saturdays. With the exception of the Japanese language staff that disappeared after the first issue, the rest of the staff remained nearly entirely intact for the run of the paper. Housed initially in a cramped space in Barrack 20, the\n <i>\n Grapevine\n </i>\n office moved to a larger space in Section A in early June.\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref3_3-0\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref3-3\">\n [3]\n </a>\n </sup>\n </p>\n <p>\n The editorial staff was very young and many had ties to the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Japanese_American_Citizens_League/\" title=\"Japanese American Citizens League\">\n Japanese American Citizens League\n </a>\n , including Noguchi and Itanaga, and reporters Fred Harada and John Hirohata.\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-4\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-4\">\n [4]\n </a>\n </sup>\n As was true for the population at large, most came from Fresno and the surrounding rural counties. Editor Noguchi, a native of Tulare, California, and well-known for her prewar contributions to the\n <i>\n Rafu Shimpo\n </i>\n and\n <i>\n Nichibei Shimbun\n </i>\n newspapers, was just twenty-two years old, while Itanaga, a Fresno native, was 22 and Associate Editor Howard Renge, a law student at the University of California, was 23. Two of the reporters, Lily Koyama and Sam Nakagama (who wrote a weekly sports column) were just seventeen.\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_5-0\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref4-5\">\n [5]\n </a>\n </sup>\n </p>\n <p>\n No doubt due to both the political inclinations of the staff and the reality of censorship/self-censorship, the tone of the paper was relentlessly positive with little in way of dissent or bad news appearing. In his first column, Itanaga put a dubious positive spin on the confinement due to enhanced romantic possibilities, claiming that it was \"a dream come true for many lads who no longer have to choose between conserving tires and paying court to their heart's desire—what a happy hunting ground for free lancers who have the cream of the valley practically in their laps.\"\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref5_6-0\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref5-6\">\n [6]\n </a>\n </sup>\n In reporting as one of the advance crew from Jerome, Carl Kurihara wrote that while there \"will be century towers and military police all around the center as in Fresno... their main purpose is to keep curious people from coming in.\"\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref6_7-0\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref6-7\">\n [7]\n </a>\n </sup>\n At the same time, hints of the difficulties of concentration camp life can be gleaned from articles on treating sun stroke or sunburn or what to do if someone faints, along with terse official notices about curfews or requiring the turning in of all Japanese language materials (\"except Bibles and hymnals\").\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref7_8-0\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref7-8\">\n [8]\n </a>\n </sup>\n </p>\n <p>\n In a special, two-page edition issued on Monday, September 28, the\n <i>\n Grapevine\n </i>\n announced that the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Jerome/\" title=\"Jerome\">\n Jerome\n </a>\n , Arkansas, camp would be the destination of Fresno inmates. The remaining issues focused on the imminent departure, providing necessary information and looking back at the time at Fresno. The final issue of the paper was dated October 17, just under two weeks before the official closing of the camp on October 30. Additionally, the staff put out\n <i>\n Vignette: A Pictorial Record of Life in the Fresno Assembly Center\n </i>\n , an expansively illustrated (mostly with drawing by Eddie Kurushima) 100-page yearbook that reviewed nearly every aspect of life at the camp.\n </p>\n <p>\n At Jerome, several\n <i>\n Grapevine\n </i>\n staffers worked on the\n <i>\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Denson_Tribune_(newspaper)/\" title=\"Denson Tribune (newspaper)\">\n Denson Tribune\n </a>\n </i>\n newspaper, including Noguchi, who became its features editor, and Itanaga, who reprised his role as city editor. Both also wrote columns. Noguchi married\n <i>\n Grapevine\n </i>\n head technician Kiyomi Nakamura at Jerome, and the couple were among those who settled in Seabrook, New Jersey, where Kiyomi was an accountant and Ayako a public relations person for\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Seabrook_Farms/\" title=\"Seabrook Farms\">\n Seabrook Farms\n </a>\n . They would remain there throughout their lives. As did Ellen Nakamura, Noguchi became one of the founders of the Seabrook Educational and Cultural Center in 1991, an institution dedicated to telling the story of Japanese Americans at Seabrook Farms, serving as its initial board president.\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref8_9-0\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref8-9\">\n [9]\n </a>\n </sup>\n Itanaga volunteered for the army from Jerome and served in the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/442nd_Regimental_Combat_Team/\" title=\"442nd Regimental Combat Team\">\n 442nd Regimental Combat Team\n </a>\n , later working in advertising and public relations in New York. Renge served in the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Military_Intelligence_Service/\" title=\"Military Intelligence Service\">\n Military Intelligence Service\n </a>\n , then finished his law degree at Fordham Law School, eventually returning to the Central Valley to become the first Nisei lawyer in Fowler.\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref9_10-0\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref9-10\">\n [10]\n </a>\n </sup>\n </p>\n <p>\n All 44 issues of the\n <i>\n Grapevine\n </i>\n are available in the Densho Digital Repository.\n </p>\n <div id=\"authorByline\">\n <b>\n Authored by\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Brian_Niiya/\" title=\"Brian Niiya\">\n Brian Niiya\n </a>\n , Densho\n </b>\n </div>\n <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n Niiya, Brian\n </div>\n <div id=\"RelatedArticlesDisplay\">\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Related_Articles\">\n <h2>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Related_Articles\">\n Related Articles\n </span>\n </h2>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n </p>\n <div id=\"RelatedArticlesSectionDisplay\">\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"\">\n <h3>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"\">\n </span>\n </h3>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n </p>\n <ul>\n <li>\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Newspapers_in_camp/\" title=\"Newspapers in camp\">\n Newspapers in camp\n </a>\n </li>\n </ul>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n <h2>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n For More Information\n </span>\n </h2>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <p>\n <i>\n Fresno Grapevine\n </i>\n Collection. Densho Digital Repository.\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/\n </a>\n .\n </p>\n <p>\n <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt7k4005zt/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n <i>\n Vignette: A Pictorial Record of Life in the Fresno Assembly Center\n </i>\n </a>\n , October 1942. Guy & Marguerite Cook Nisei Collection, University of the Pacific Library. Available on Calisphere website.\n </p>\n <p>\n Polfer, Tiffany Anne. \"'All of Us Must Make Sacrifices to Help Towards Upholding American Ideals': Japanese American Internment Print Culture During World War II.\" M.A. thesis, California State University, Fresno, 2011.\n </p>\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n <h2>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n Footnotes\n </span>\n </h2>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n <div class=\"mw-references-wrap\">\n <ol class=\"references\">\n <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n According to the story, Service Division Head Walter E. Pollock \"and a government press representative\" review the paper, at which time they \"give the death sentence to one or two\" stories.\"\n <i>\n Fresno Grapevine\n </i>\n , July 4, 1942, 3, Densho Digital Repository, accessed on July 17, 2015 at\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/13/master/a0cd2722b0/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/13/master/a0cd2722b0/\n </a>\n .\n </span>\n </li>\n <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n <i>\n Fresno Grapevine\n </i>\n , May 27, 1942, 1, Densho Digital Repository, accessed on July 17, 2015 at\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/2/master/15964ec5d6/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/2/master/15964ec5d6/\n </a>\n .\n </span>\n </li>\n <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref3-3\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref3_3-0\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n <i>\n Fresno Grapevine\n </i>\n , June 6, 1942, 3, Densho Digital Repository, accessed on July 17, 2015 at\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/5/master/0faf2f610e/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/5/master/0faf2f610e/\n </a>\n </span>\n </li>\n <li id=\"cite_note-4\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-4\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n <i>\n Pacific Citizen\n </i>\n , Aug. 13, 1942, 7, accessed on Jan. 11, 2018 at\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-14-14/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-14-14/\n </a>\n </span>\n </li>\n <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref4-5\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_5-0\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n <i>\n Vignette: A Pictorial Record of Life in the Fresno Assembly Center\n </i>\n , October 1942, Guy & Marguerite Cook Nisei Collection, University of the Pacific Library, Calisphere, accessed on July 19, 2015 at\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt7k4005zt/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt7k4005zt/\n </a>\n , staff profiles on pages 28–30, 62, 68, and 77. On Noguchi, see also Kenny Murase, \"Who's Who in the Nisei Literary World,\"\n <i>\n Current Life\n </i>\n , October 1940, 9, and S. Joseph Hagenmayer, \"Ellen Nakamura, 80, A Community Activist,\" Philly.com, Apr. 29, 2000, accessed on July 19, 2015 at\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://articles.philly.com/2000-04-29/news/25592068_1_internment-camps-americans-of-japanese-ancestry-camp-administration\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://articles.philly.com/2000-04-29/news/25592068_1_internment-camps-americans-of-japanese-ancestry-camp-administration\n </a>\n .\n </span>\n </li>\n <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref5-6\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref5_6-0\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n Richard Itanaga, \"Within the Barracks,\"\n <i>\n Fresno Center News\n </i>\n , May 23, 1942, 3, accessed on July 19, 2015 at\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/1/master/5fd19a966a/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/1/master/5fd19a966a/\n </a>\n .\n </span>\n </li>\n <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref6-7\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref6_7-0\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n Carl Kurihara, \"No Alligators, Snakes in Jerome, Scribe Says,\"\n <i>\n Fresno Grapevine\n </i>\n , Oct. 14, 1942, 4, accessed on July 19, 2015 at\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/43/master/4a4a6349a7/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/43/master/4a4a6349a7/\n </a>\n .\n </span>\n </li>\n <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref7-8\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref7_8-0\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n <i>\n Fresno Center News\n </i>\n , May 23, 1942, 1;\n <i>\n Fresno Grapevine\n </i>\n , May 30, 1942, 5, June 10, 1942, 4, June 17, 1942, 3, and June 24, 1942, 1, all accessed on July 19, 2015 at\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/3/master/c5d170ab17/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/3/master/c5d170ab17/\n </a>\n ;\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/1/master/76bfedfe62/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/1/master/76bfedfe62/\n </a>\n ;\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/6/master/d4c6c5ab9c/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/6/master/d4c6c5ab9c/\n </a>\n ;\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/8/master/c646802778/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/8/master/c646802778/\n </a>\n ;\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/10/master/5b958efabf/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr/densho/190/10/master/5b958efabf/\n </a>\n ; quote from the last.\n </span>\n </li>\n <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref8-9\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref8_9-0\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n Hagenmayer, \"Ellen Nakamura\";\n <i>\n Pacific Citizen\n </i>\n , May 27, 1944, 8, Oct. 28, 1944, 3, both accessed on Jan. 11, 2018 at\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-16-22/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-16-22/\n </a>\n and\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-16-44/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-16-44/\n </a>\n .\n </span>\n </li>\n <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref9-10\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref9_10-0\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n On Itanaga, see\n <i>\n Pacific Citizen\n </i>\n , Apr. 22, 1943, 8, Joe Oyama, \"Mannahatta,\" Oct. 28, 1950, 2, and Bill Hosokawa, \"From the Frying Pan,\" Aug. 19, 1955, 8, all accessed on Jan. 11, 2018 at\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-15-16/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-15-16/\n </a>\n ,\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-22-43/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-22-43/\n </a>\n , and\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-27-33/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-27-33/\n </a>\n . On Renge, see\n <i>\n Pacific Citizen\n </i>\n , July 17, 1953, 1 and Aug. 21, 1953, 5, both accessed on Jan. 11, 2018 at\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-25-29/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-25-29/\n </a>\n and\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-25-34/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-25-34/\n </a>\n .\n </span>\n </li>\n </ol>\n </div>\n </div>\n <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20240113044303\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.021 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.027 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 268/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 5695/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 2847/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 6/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 7664/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 16.953 1 -total\n 23.99% 4.067 1 Template:Reflist\n 16.63% 2.820 1 Template:RelatedArticles\n 10.38% 1.760 1 Template:Databox-Newspapers\n 8.73% 1.479 1 Template:Published\n 8.59% 1.456 1 Template:AuthorByline\n 8.16% 1.384 1 Template:RelatedArticlesSection\n-->\n <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:1733-0!canonical and timestamp 20240113044303 and revision id 35906\n -->\n </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"toplink\">\n <a href=\"#top\">\n <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\">\n </i>\n Top\n </a>\n</div>", "categories": [ "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/categories/Newspapers/?format=api" ], "sources": [ "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/sources/en-ddr-densho-190-1-1/?format=api" ], "coordinates": {}, "authors": [ "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/authors/Brian%20Niiya/?format=api" ], "ddr_topic_terms": [], "prev_page": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Fresno%20(detention%20facility)/?format=api", "next_page": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Friends%20Hostel,%20Cincinnati/?format=api" }