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    "url_title": "Hawaii Pono: A Social History (book)",
    "title_sort": "hawaiiponoasocialhistorybook",
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    "modified": "2024-01-31T01:53:26",
    "title": "Hawaii Pono: A Social History (book)",
    "body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <div id=\"databox-BooksDisplay\">\n  <table class=\"infobox\" width=\"200px;\">\n   <tbody>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Title\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Hawaii Pono: A Social History\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Author\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Lawrence H. Fuchs\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Original Publisher\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Harcourt, Brace\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Original Publication Date\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      1961\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Pages\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      501\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      WorldCat Link\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.worldcat.org/title/hawaii-pono-a-social-history/oclc/248659752/editions?referer=di&amp;editionsView=true\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n       http://www.worldcat.org/title/hawaii-pono-a-social-history/oclc/248659752/editions?referer=di&amp;editionsView=true\n      </a>\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n   </tbody>\n  </table>\n </div>\n <div id=\"databox-Books\" style=\"display:none;\">\n  <p>\n   Title:Hawaii Pono: A Social History;\nAuthor:Lawrence H. Fuchs;\nIllustrator:;\nOrigTitle:;\nCountry:;\nLanguage:;\nSeries:;\nGenre:;\nPublisher:Harcourt, Brace;\nPubDate:1961;\nCurrentPublisher:;\nCurrentPubDate:;\nMediaType:;\nPages:501;\nAwards:;\nISBN:;\nWorldCatLink:\n   <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.worldcat.org/title/hawaii-pono-a-social-history/oclc/248659752/editions?referer=di&amp;editionsView=true\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n    http://www.worldcat.org/title/hawaii-pono-a-social-history/oclc/248659752/editions?referer=di&amp;editionsView=true\n   </a>\n   ;\n  </p>\n </div>\n <p>\n  An examination of the social, political, and economic history of Hawai'i from the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth century as it represents \"the world’s best example of dynamic social democracy.\"\n  <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n   <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n    [1]\n   </a>\n  </sup>\n  Lawrence H. Fuchs focuses on political and social changes that resulted in the rise of various ethnic groups in Hawai'i, including Japanese Americans, who challenged the white oligarchy that had historically dominated the Islands.\n </p>\n <div aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\" class=\"toc\" id=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\">\n  <input class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" role=\"button\" style=\"display:none\" type=\"checkbox\"/>\n  <div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n   <h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">\n    Contents\n   </h2>\n   <span class=\"toctogglespan\">\n    <label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\">\n    </label>\n   </span>\n  </div>\n  <ul>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Background_of_Author\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      1\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Background of Author\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Organization_of_Book\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      2\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Organization of Book\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Critical_Response_and_Significance\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      3\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Critical Response and Significance\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#For_More_Information\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      4\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      For More Information\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Footnotes\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      5\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Footnotes\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n  </ul>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Background_of_Author\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Background_of_Author\">\n    Background of Author\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    In 1950, Fuchs earned his bachelor's degree from New York University and his Ph.D. from Harvard five years later.\n    <i>\n     Hawaii Pono\n    </i>\n    originated in 1951 from Fuchs' research on territorial politics of the United States government and \"Hawaii frequently came to [his] attention in subsequent research on ethnic and religious factors in American politics.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n      [2]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    In 1958, Fuchs was awarded a senior grant in American governmental processes by the Social Science Research Council for the study of ethnic tensions and accommodation in Hawai'i politics. According to Fuchs, it became evident that Island politics and contemporary ethnic tensions could not be properly understood without examining the political, economic, and social history of Hawai'i. In 1970, Fuchs established the American Studies Department at Brandeis University and served as its chair for more than twenty-five years. Fuchs was a recognized scholar of American ethnicity, focusing on American Jews and Hawai'i's multiethnic culture, and in 1986 helped to overhaul the American immigration law as a federal government adviser.\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Organization_of_Book\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Organization_of_Book\">\n    Organization of Book\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    As a social history of Hawai'i, the book is organized into three parts: \"Ways of Life,\" \"The Web of Oligarchy,\" and \"The Dynamics of Democracy.\" The prologue to\n    <i>\n     Hawaii Pono\n    </i>\n    , \"A Kingdom Passes,\" details the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom following the arrival of Europeans and Americans who transformed Island society. Part I, \"Ways of Life,\" encompasses the history of Hawai'i in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century with the arrival of missionary families and American and British businessmen who encouraged the immigration of workers from Asia beginning with the Chinese and later the Japanese and Filipinos. Part II, \"The Web of Oligarchy,\" details the strategies of the local white elite who dominated the politics and controlled the labor and wealth of the Islands. According to Fuchs, although oligarchies had existed throughout history, Hawai'i was unique as \"no community of comparable size on the mainland was controlled so completely by few individuals for so long. Rarely were political, economic, and social controls simultaneously enforced as in Hawaii.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref3_3-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref3-3\">\n      [3]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    This political domination was achieved through an alliance between affluent whites and Hawaiians, the influence of the plantation vote through labor and immigration controls, and partnerships between sugar planters who were driven by the idea of \"co-operation, not competition.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_4-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref4-4\">\n      [4]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    Part III details the transformative effect of World War II in \"The Dynamics of Democracy.\" According to Fuchs, the potential for change already existed in Hawai'i's public school system that encouraged American values of liberty and equality as well as the ability of second-generation populations to vote, a right denied to their immigrant parents. Thus, following World War II, the nearly monolithic control of the Republic party gave way to the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Revolution_of_1954/\" title=\"Revolution of 1954\">\n     rise of the Democratic Party\n    </a>\n    in Hawai'i and\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/International_Longshoreman%27s_and_Warehouseman%27s_Union/\" title=\"International Longshoreman's and Warehouseman's Union\">\n     aggressive union activity\n    </a>\n    in the 1950s. Hawai'i's economic dependence on industrial agriculture was also broken with the growth of tourism and militarism combined with declining sugar prices that required sugar companies to diversify. According to Fuchs, the 1950s became a period of ferment with new opportunities for democracy.\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Critical_Response_and_Significance\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Critical_Response_and_Significance\">\n    Critical Response and Significance\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Of the three books on Hawai'i's history written during the early 1960s, including\n    <i>\n     Hawaii: A Way of Life\n    </i>\n    by Anna Riwkin-Brick and\n    <i>\n     A Century of Social Thinking\n    </i>\n    in Hawaii by Stanley D. Porteus,\n    <i>\n     Hawaii Pono\n    </i>\n    is probably the most ambitious in attempting to provide a comprehensive history of political and social change in the Islands. As a general history, however, it does not focus on one particular ethnic group or closely examine some historical events, such as World War II, which only comprises eight pages of discussion. Fuchs mentions Japanese American incarceration briefly in one paragraph in comparison to the mainland as the \"Japanese in Hawaii, aliens and citizens, were treated with far greater respect\" with only 1,444 individuals incarcerated.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref5_5-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref5-5\">\n      [5]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    Reviewer Daniel Tuttle Jr. of the University of Hawai'i also noted that \"those who desire analysis that carefully delineates fact and interpretation are doomed to disappointment. Whereas close attention is given to some political developments of this period, others are omitted or accorded only gloss treatment.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref6_6-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref6-6\">\n      [6]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    Fuchs also does not explore important topics during this period like race relations and ethnic identity. Japanese Americans, for example, were never a monolithic group and distinctions did exist between generations, regions, and classes that are not addressed. His description of Hawai'i as a \"social democracy\" ignores social divisions and historical tensions between different ethnic groups that still continued even after the 1950s. Additionally, Fuchs' confusing citation style is also problematic leading Tuttle to also comment that \"even Sherlock Holmes would be weary after a chapter or two, particularly since the scholarly trail often ends in a veil of secrecy.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref7_7-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref7-7\">\n      [7]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    For those desiring more information on certain topics cited in the book, it would take a dedicated search of page numbers and source titles that are listed separately. Overall,\n    <i>\n     Hawaii Pono\n    </i>\n    does achieve its goal as a general history of social and political change in Hawai'i, although it does sacrifice detail and complexity in favor of breadth of coverage.\n   </p>\n   <div id=\"authorByline\">\n    <b>\n     Authored by\n     <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Kelli_Y._Nakamura/\" title=\"Kelli Y. Nakamura\">\n      Kelli Y. Nakamura\n     </a>\n     , Kapi'olani Community College\n    </b>\n   </div>\n   <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n    Nakamura, Kelli\n   </div>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n    For More Information\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Beaglehole, Ernest. \"Review of\n    <i>\n     Hawaii: A Way of Life\n    </i>\n    , by Anna Riwkin-Brick;\n    <i>\n     A Century of Social Thinking in Hawaii\n    </i>\n    , by Stanley D. Porteus;\n    <i>\n     Hawaii Pono: A Social History\n    </i>\n    , by Lawrence H. Fuchs.\"\n    <i>\n     Pacific Affairs\n    </i>\n    36.3 (Autumn 1963): 337–38.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Martin, Douglas.\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/us/lawrence-fuchs-86-dies-shaped-immigration-law.html?_r=0\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     \"Lawrence Fuchs, Expert on Immigration, Dies at 86.\"\n    </a>\n    <i>\n     New York Times\n    </i>\n    , Apr. 6, 2013.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Nathan, David E.\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2013/march/fuchs.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     \"Faculty, Alumni Remember Prof. Lawrence Fuchs.\"\n    </a>\n    <i>\n     Brandeis Now\n    </i>\n    , March 21, 2013.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Tuttle, Daniel W. \"Review of\n    <i>\n     Hawaii Pono: A Social History\n    </i>\n    , by Lawrence H. Fuchs.\"\n    <i>\n     Western Political Quarterly\n    </i>\n    16.2 (June 1963): 488–89.\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n    Footnotes\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n    <div class=\"mw-references-wrap\">\n     <ol class=\"references\">\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Lawrence H. Fuchs,\n        <i>\n         Hawaii Pono, A Social History\n        </i>\n        (New York, Harcourt, Brace &amp; World) 1961), vii.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Fuchs,\n        <i>\n         Hawaii Pono\n        </i>\n        , viii.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref3-3\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref3_3-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Fuchs,\n        <i>\n         Hawaii Pono\n        </i>\n        , 152.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref4-4\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_4-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Fuchs,\n        <i>\n         Hawaii Pono\n        </i>\n        , 241.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref5-5\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref5_5-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Fuchs,\n        <i>\n         Hawaii Pono\n        </i>\n        , 303.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref6-6\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref6_6-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Daniel W. Tuttle, Review of\n        <i>\n         Hawaii Pono: A Social History\n        </i>\n        , by Lawrence H. Fuchs,\n        <i>\n         Western Political Quarterly\n        </i>\n        16.2 (June 1963): 489.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref7-7\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref7_7-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Tuttle, Review of\n        <i>\n         Hawaii Pono\n        </i>\n        .\n       </span>\n      </li>\n     </ol>\n    </div>\n   </div>\n   <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20240131015326\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.015 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.019 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 255/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 2485/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 608/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 5/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 2290/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n   <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00%   12.713      1 -total\n 24.75%    3.146      1 Template:Reflist\n 16.69%    2.122      1 Template:Databox-Books\n 11.56%    1.470      1 Template:AuthorByline\n 11.40%    1.449      1 Template:Published\n-->\n   <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:1796-0!canonical and timestamp 20240131015326 and revision id 36035\n -->\n  </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"toplink\">\n <a href=\"#top\">\n  <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\">\n  </i>\n  Top\n </a>\n</div>",
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