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    "url_title": "Joe Kurihara",
    "title_sort": "kuriharajoe",
    "links": {
        "json": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Joe%20Kurihara/?format=api",
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    "modified": "2020-07-29T17:18:58",
    "title": "Joe Kurihara",
    "body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <div id=\"databox-PeopleDisplay\">\n  <table class=\"infobox\" width=\"200px;\">\n   <tbody>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Name\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Joseph Yoshisuke Kurihara\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Born\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      1895\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Died\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      November 26 1965\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Birth Location\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      HI\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Generational Identifier\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      <p>\n       <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nisei/\" title=\"Nisei\">\n        Nisei\n       </a>\n      </p>\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n   </tbody>\n  </table>\n </div>\n <div id=\"databox-People\" style=\"display:none;\">\n  <p>\n   FirstName:Joseph;\nLastName:Kurihara;\nDisplayName:Joseph Yoshisuke Kurihara;\nBirthDate:1895-01-01;\nDeathDate:1965-11-26;\nBirthLocation:HI;\nGender:Male;\nEthnicity:JA;\nGenerationIdentifier:Nisei;\nNationality:US;\nExternalResourceLink:;\nPrimaryGeography:;\nReligion:;\n  </p>\n </div>\n <div class=\"floatright\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"floatright\">\n </div>\n <p>\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nisei/\" title=\"Nisei\">\n   Nisei\n  </a>\n  , World War I veteran, dissident leader in\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Manzanar/\" title=\"Manzanar\">\n   Manzanar\n  </a>\n  . Joseph Yoshisuke Kurihara (1895–1965) spent the first twenty years of his life in Hawai'i before moving to San Francisco. He subsequently enlisted in the U.S. Army and saw battle in France. Upon returning to the United States, he lived and worked in Los Angeles, until\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Executive_Order_9066/\" title=\"Executive Order 9066\">\n   Executive Order 9066\n  </a>\n  forced him and other West Coast\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nikkei/\" title=\"Nikkei\">\n   Nikkei\n  </a>\n  to the concentration camps. As early as 1943, he called for redress for the unjust incarceration of the Nikkei. A controversial figure, he has been depicted as both hero and villain.\n </p>\n <div aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\" class=\"toc\" id=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\">\n  <input class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" role=\"button\" style=\"display:none\" type=\"checkbox\"/>\n  <div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n   <h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">\n    Contents\n   </h2>\n   <span class=\"toctogglespan\">\n    <label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\">\n    </label>\n   </span>\n  </div>\n  <ul>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Before_the_War\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      1\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Before the War\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#World_War_II\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      2\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      World War II\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#After_World_War_II\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      3\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      After World War II\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#For_More_Information\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      4\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      For More Information\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Footnotes\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      5\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Footnotes\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n  </ul>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Before_the_War\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Before_the_War\">\n    Before the War\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Kurihara was born on Kaua'i, one of the islands in the Hawaiian Island chain. He was the fourth of five children of Kichizo and Haru Kurihara, who had migrated from Yamaguchi prefecture to work on the sugar plantations in Hawai'i. Kurihara attended public and Catholic schools in Honolulu, and at the age of twenty, departed for San Francisco, where he attended St. Ignatius High School. With the outbreak of war, Kurihara volunteered for the army. Assigned to the 85th Division, 328th Field Artillery, Battery F, Medical Department, Kurihara saw battle in France. After being honorably discharged, he lived in Los Angeles, where he attended Southwestern University, graduating in 1924 with a bachelor's degree in commercial science and a certificate of accountancy. For the next nine years he worked as an accountant, as part-owner and operator of two wholesale produce companies, as an auditor and then manager of a seafood packing company, and as a salesman for a company that sold equipment to supermarkets. Like other Nisei and their parents living on the West Coast during the first four decades of the twentieth century, he was limited to jobs in farming, fishing, gardening, domestic service, and work related to food distribution. Other areas of employment were largely closed, even to Nisei university graduates.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    While Kurihara was not of the white world, his experiences in a white Catholic school, his military service in a white division, his matriculation at Southwestern University, and his jobs, which brought him in contact whites, made him conversant in Euro-American modes of thinking and behavior and enabled him to bridge the Nikkei world with that of the dominant society.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    In the mid-1930s, Kurihara turned to his love of the sea. He learned the skill of navigation and found a job as navigator of a Portuguese tuna clipper. He was aboard the '\"Belle of Portugal'\" when war broke out between the United States and Japan.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Despite the discrimination and hostility he faced during the decades before World War II, Kurihara maintained a positive attitude about life in America. The forced removal and incarceration of the Nikkei, however, changed this perspective.\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"World_War_II\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"World_War_II\">\n    World War II\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Soon after President\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Franklin_D._Roosevelt/\" title=\"Franklin D. Roosevelt\">\n     Franklin Roosevelt\n    </a>\n    issued E. O. 9066, Kurihara attended a meeting of the Citizens Federation of Southern California. There he heard\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Mike_Masaoka/\" title=\"Mike Masaoka\">\n     Mike Masaoka\n    </a>\n    , Field Secretary of the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Japanese_American_Citizens_League/\" title=\"Japanese American Citizens League\">\n     Japanese American Citizens League\n    </a>\n    (JACL), tell the audience that he had recently met with Lieutenant General\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/John_DeWitt/\" title=\"John DeWitt\">\n     John DeWitt\n    </a>\n    . Masaoka urged compliance with the order to move. Kurihara \"felt sick\" when he heard this. While the forced removal had angered him, Masaoka's effort to assist the U.S. government in its unjustifiable expulsion of innocent and defenseless people was too much for Kurihara to stomach. These so-called leaders, he thought, were \"a bunch of spineless Americans\" whom he would \"fight\" and \"crush\" \"in whatever camp [he] happened to find them.\" He would take this determination with him to Manzanar, one of the ten\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/War_Relocation_Authority/\" title=\"War Relocation Authority\">\n     War Relocation Authority\n    </a>\n    camps in which the Nikkei were forced to live.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n      [1]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Eight months after the Nikkei began to arrive at Manzanar, the camp experienced a revolt that ended in the death of two innocent young men. On the night of December 5, 1942, masked men entered the barrack apartment of\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Fred_Tayama/\" title=\"Fred Tayama\">\n     Fred Tayama\n    </a>\n    and beat him. When Tayama accused\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Harry_Ueno/\" title=\"Harry Ueno\">\n     Harry Ueno\n    </a>\n    as one of the assailants, Ueno was arrested and jailed in the nearby town of Independence. Previously, Ueno had clashed with Tayama, and as a cook in Mess Hall 22, had accused the Assistant Project Director Ned Campbell and the Chief Steward Joseph Winchester of stealing meat and sugar that were meant for the inmates. Nikkei believed that this accusation had led to Campbell's arrest of Ueno.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n      [2]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    The next day, when more than 2,000 people attended meetings to protest Ueno's arrest, Kurihara and four other men were asked to form a committee to demand Ueno's release. After lengthy discussions with the Project Director Ralph Merritt, the committee agreed that Ueno would be transferred to Manzanar's barrack jail. The crowd that formed subsequently, however, demanded that Ueno be allowed to return to his family. When its demands were rejected, the crowd became menacing. Soldiers, who had arrived to control the unrest, threw tear gas grenades, and two soldiers, with no order to fire, shot into the crowd, killing two young men and injuring ten others. Subsequently, those who had been accused of being\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Informants_/_%22inu%22/\" title='Informants / \"inu\"'>\n     inu\n    </a>\n    (dogs) were transported to Death Valley, and Ueno, Kurihara, and others accused of causing the revolt were jailed at the nearby town of Bishop and then Lone Pine. (See\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Manzanar_riot/uprising/\" title=\"Manzanar riot/uprising\">\n     Manzanar riot/uprising\n    </a>\n    .)\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    After several weeks in jail, Kurihara and other dissidents were taken to a citizen isolation camp at\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Moab/Leupp_Isolation_Centers_(detention_facility)/\" title=\"Moab/Leupp Isolation Centers (detention facility)\">\n     Moab\n    </a>\n    . Later they were transferred to\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Moab/Leupp_Isolation_Centers_(detention_facility)/\" title=\"Moab/Leupp Isolation Centers (detention facility)\">\n     Leupp\n    </a>\n    . The WRA Director\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Dillon_Myer/\" title=\"Dillon Myer\">\n     Dillon Myer\n    </a>\n    understood the illegality of the isolation camps for citizens who were not charged with any crime. For this reason, he eventually decided to close Leupp and transfer the men to the recently designated segregation center at\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Tule_Lake/\" title=\"Tule Lake\">\n     Tule Lake\n    </a>\n    .\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    At Moab, Leupp, and Tule Lake, Kurihara refused to involve himself in intra-Nikkei politics. Because by this time he had decided to leave the United States and live for the rest of his life in Japan, he spent much of his time improving his ability to read and write Japanese. Despite his change of outward behavior, however, his anger and disillusionment at the U.S. government remained constant.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    At Tule Lake, Kurihara became a key informant for Rosalie Hankey, a researcher for the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Japanese_American_Evacuation_and_Resettlement_Study/\" title=\"Japanese American Evacuation and Resettlement Study\">\n     Japanese American Evacuation and Resettlement Study\n    </a>\n    , directed by the University of California, Berkeley professor Dorothy Swaine Thomas. In their book,\n    <i>\n     The Spoilage\n    </i>\n    , Thomas and\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Richard_S._Nishimoto/\" title=\"Richard S. Nishimoto\">\n     Richard S. Nishimoto\n    </a>\n    quoted extensively from several of Kurihara's essays.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref3_3-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref3-3\">\n      [3]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    After the 1944 renunciation law was passed, Kurihara formally renounced his U.S. citizenship. (See\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Renunciation_of_citizenship/\" title=\"Renunciation of citizenship\">\n     Renunciation of citizenship\n    </a>\n    .) He was among the 5,725 Nisei and\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Kibei/\" title=\"Kibei\">\n     Kibei\n    </a>\n    -Nisei who did so. But unlike the 5,409 who later changed their minds and sought to restore their citizenship, Kurihara refused to do so.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_4-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref4-4\">\n      [4]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"After_World_War_II\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"After_World_War_II\">\n    After World War II\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    On November 25, 1945, Kurihara and 1,500 other Nikkei boarded the USS\n    <i>\n     Randall\n    </i>\n    for Japan. Upon their arrival at Tokyo Bay, they confronted a country devastated by war. Poverty, starvation, homelessness, and death greeted them.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Ironically, Kurihara and other renunciants living in Japan, as well as 10,000 other Nisei and Kibei-Nisei—army recruits and U.S. civilians, both those living in the United States as well as those who had been living in Japan before and during the war—were hired by the U.S. military as translators and interpreters.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref5_5-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref5-5\">\n      [5]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Kurihara worked for the military in Sasebo, on the southern island of Kyushu. After a year with the occupation forces, he moved to Tokyo, where he lived for the rest of his life. He died of a stroke on November 26, 1965.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Kurihara has been a controversial figure, both at Manzanar and during the decades following the war. He has been condemned for placing on a death list and black list, those in Manzanar who were suspected of spying on fellow Nikkei. In his speeches, he repeatedly referred to these lists, and named people who were on them. Others have called Kurihara a hero, a pioneer for redress, someone who openly and courageously resisted the oppression of the U.S. government, and a fighter for justice.\n   </p>\n   <div id=\"authorByline\">\n    <b>\n     Authored by\n     <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Eileen_Tamura/\" title=\"Eileen Tamura\">\n      Eileen Tamura\n     </a>\n     , University of Hawai'i at Mānoa\n    </b>\n   </div>\n   <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n    Tamura, Eileen\n   </div>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n    For More Information\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Azuma, Eiichiro. \"Brokering Race, Culture, and Citizenship: Japanese Americans in Occupied Japan and Postwar National Inclusion.\"\n    <i>\n     Journal of American-East Asian Relations\n    </i>\n    16:3 (fall 2009): 183-211.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Collins, Donald E.\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanal0000coll\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     <i>\n      Native American Aliens: Disloyalty and the Renunciation of Citizenship by Japanese Americans during World War II\n     </i>\n     .\n    </a>\n    Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Girdner, Audrie and Anne Loftis.\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/greatbetrayaleva00unse\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     <i>\n      The Great Betrayal: the Evacuation of the Japanese-Americans during World War II.\n     </i>\n    </a>\n    London: Macmillan Co., 1969.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Hansen, Arthur A. and David A. Hacker. \"The Manzanar Riot: An Ethnic Perspective.\"\n    <i>\n     Amerasia Journal\n    </i>\n    2 (fall 1974): 112-57.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Takei, Barbara. \"Legalizing Detention: Segregated Japanese Americans and the Justice Department's Renunciation Program.\" A Question of Loyalty: Internment at Tule Lake. Klamath Falls, OR: Shaw Historical Library, 2005: 75-105.\n    <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/questionofloyalt00shaw\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     https://archive.org/details/questionofloyalt00shaw\n    </a>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Tamura, Eileen H. \"Value Messages Collide with Reality: Joseph Kurihara and the Power of Informal Education.\"\n    <i>\n     History of Education Quarterly\n    </i>\n    50:1 (January 2010): 1-33.\n    <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2011/2/10/joseph-kurihara-power-informal-education/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2011/2/10/joseph-kurihara-power-informal-education/\n    </a>\n    .\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Tamura, Eileen H.\n    <i>\n     In Defense of Justice: Joseph Kurihara and the Japanese American Struggle for Equality\n    </i>\n    . Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2013.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Thomas, Dorothy Swaine and Richard S. Nishimoto, with contributions from Rosalie A. Hankey, James M. Sakoda, Morton Grodzins, Frank Miyamoto.\n    <i>\n     The Spoilage.\n    </i>\n    Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n    Footnotes\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n    <div class=\"mw-references-wrap\">\n     <ol class=\"references\">\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Joe Kurihara, \"Autobiography,\" unpublished typescript, 1945, 38, Japanese American Evacuation and Resettlement Records, 67/14c, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Arthur A. Hansen and David A. Hacker, \"The Manzanar Riot: An Ethnic Perspective,\"\n        <i>\n         Amerasia Journal\n        </i>\n        2 (fall 1974): 112-57.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref3-3\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref3_3-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Dorothy Swaine Thomas and Richard S. Nishimoto,\n        <i>\n         The Spoilage\n        </i>\n        (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969).\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref4-4\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_4-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Donald E. Collins,\n        <i>\n         Native American Aliens: Disloyalty and the Renunciation of Citizenship by Japanese Americans during World War II\n        </i>\n        (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985), 101; Barbara Takei, \"Legalizing Detention: Segregated Japanese Americans and the Justice Department's Renunciation Program,\"\n        <i>\n         A Question of Loyalty, Internment at Tule Lake: Journal of the Shaw Historical Library\n        </i>\n        19 (2005), 94; Audrie Girdner and Anne Loftis,\n        <i>\n         The Great Betrayal: the Evacuation of the Japanese-Americans during World War II\n        </i>\n        (London: Macmillan Co., 1969), 453.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref5-5\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref5_5-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Eiichiro Azuma, \"Brokering Race, Culture, and Citizenship: Japanese Americans in Occupied Japan and Postwar National Inclusion,\"\n        <i>\n         Journal of American-East Asian Relations\n        </i>\n        16:3 (fall 2009): 191-92.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n     </ol>\n    </div>\n   </div>\n   <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230613175427\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.021 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.028 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 236/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 2073/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 287/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 6/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 2566/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n   <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00%   16.604      1 -total\n 41.56%    6.900      1 Template:Databox-People\n 17.61%    2.924      1 Template:Reflist\n  8.47%    1.407      1 Template:Published\n  8.34%    1.384      1 Template:AuthorByline\n-->\n   <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:177-0!canonical and timestamp 20230613175427 and revision id 30787\n -->\n  </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"toplink\">\n <a href=\"#top\">\n  <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\">\n  </i>\n  Top\n </a>\n</div>",
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