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{
    "url_title": "Minoru Yasui",
    "title_sort": "yasuiminoru",
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        "json": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Minoru%20Yasui/?format=api",
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    "modified": "2020-10-05T18:04:48",
    "title": "Minoru Yasui",
    "body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <div id=\"databox-PeopleDisplay\">\n  <table class=\"infobox\" width=\"200px;\">\n   <tbody>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Name\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Minoru \"Min\" Yasui\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Born\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      October 19 1916\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Died\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      November 12 1986\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Birth Location\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Hood River, OR\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Generational Identifier\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      <p>\n       <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nisei/\" title=\"Nisei\">\n        Nisei\n       </a>\n      </p>\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n   </tbody>\n  </table>\n </div>\n <div id=\"databox-People\" style=\"display:none;\">\n  <p>\n   FirstName:Minoru;\nLastName:Yasui;\nDisplayName:Minoru \"Min\" Yasui;\nBirthDate:1916-10-19;\nDeathDate:1986-11-12;\nBirthLocation:Hood River, OR;\nGender:Male;\nEthnicity:JA;\nGenerationIdentifier:Nisei;\nNationality:US;\nExternalResourceLink:;\nPrimaryGeography:;\nReligion:;\n  </p>\n </div>\n <div class=\"floatright\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"floatright\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"floatright\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"floatright\">\n </div>\n <p>\n  Minoru \"Min\" Yasui (1916–86) was one of four Japanese Americans who fought the legality of exclusion and/or detention during World War II all the way to the Supreme Court. After the war, the Oregon-born attorney settled in Denver and had a long and distinguished career with the city's Community Relations Commission. He was famously credited with avoiding the racial riots that ignited in other major U.S. cities after the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King because he had built strong relationships with the city's African American community.\n </p>\n <div aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\" class=\"toc\" id=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\">\n  <input class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" role=\"button\" style=\"display:none\" type=\"checkbox\"/>\n  <div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n   <h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">\n    Contents\n   </h2>\n   <span class=\"toctogglespan\">\n    <label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\">\n    </label>\n   </span>\n  </div>\n  <ul>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Before_the_War\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      1\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Before the War\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Wartime_Years\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      2\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Wartime Years\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Denver_Career_and_Legacy\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      3\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Denver Career and Legacy\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#For_More_Information\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      4\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      For More Information\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Footnotes\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      5\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Footnotes\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n  </ul>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Before_the_War\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Before_the_War\">\n    Before the War\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Minoru Yasui was born and raised in Hood River, Oregon, to immigrant parents who were fruit farmers. He had eight brothers and sisters, and was his high school salutatorian in 1933. Yasui attended the University of Oregon for his bachelor's degree and went on to earn his law degree there in 1939, becoming the first Japanese American to graduate from Oregon's law school. But as a\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nisei/\" title=\"Nisei\">\n     Nisei\n    </a>\n    , he was unable to find work as a lawyer, so he took a position at the Japanese Consulate General of Chicago as a speechwriter and managing correspondence in English.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n      [1]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    When the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/December_7,_1941/\" title=\"December 7, 1941\">\n     Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor\n    </a>\n    , Yasui quit his consular job immediately and returned to Oregon. He'd been an ROTC cadet in college and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Army Reserves after he graduated. He was initially ordered to report at Fort Vancouver in Washington but when he arrived for duty he was turned away on account of his Japanese ancestry; nine subsequent attempts to enlist yielded the same result. Also in the days immediately after the Pearl Harbor attack, Yasui's father was arrested as a potential threat and sent to a series of army and Justice Department administered internment camps until the end of the war.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n      [2]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Wartime_Years\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Wartime_Years\">\n    Wartime Years\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    When he returned to Portland after being turned away from Fort Vancouver, Yasui opened a law practice dedicated to helping the Japanese community's legal needs. He was the only attorney of Japanese heritage in the state, so he was kept busy.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref3_3-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref3-3\">\n      [3]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    After\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Franklin_D._Roosevelt/\" title=\"Franklin D. Roosevelt\">\n     President Roosevelt\n    </a>\n    signed\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Executive_Order_9066/\" title=\"Executive Order 9066\">\n     Executive Order 9066\n    </a>\n    , Yasui became more and more outraged at the injustice facing the Japanese community, especially the U.S.-born citizens, the Nisei, whose American rights were being trampled. When travel restrictions and curfews were established against Japanese Americans, he decided to make himself a\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Yasui_v._United_States/\" title=\"Yasui v. United States\">\n     legal test case\n    </a>\n    .\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    On March 28, 1942, Yasui walked through downtown Portland after 8 pm, deliberately breaking the curfew. When no one noticed his lawbreaking, he approached a policeman and demanded to be arrested. He was only told to go home. So he marched into the police station and demanded to be arrested, where the officer on duty obliged.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_4-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref4-4\">\n      [4]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Yasui was ultimately convicted in his challenge of the curfew and lost his appeal in front of the Supreme Court. Two other men who had fought the curfew and exclusion all the way to the Supreme Court, Fred Korematsu and Gordon Hirabayashi, also lost their appeals. He spent nine months in solitary confinement before being sent to the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Minidoka/\" title=\"Minidoka\">\n     Minidoka\n    </a>\n    concentration camp. He was allowed to leave in 1944 for a job in Chicago, as a laborer in an ice plant. By September of that year, he had moved to Denver.\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Denver_Career_and_Legacy\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Denver_Career_and_Legacy\">\n    Denver Career and Legacy\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Yasui's lasting legacy nationally is as one of the Japanese Americans who objected publicly to exclusion during World War II, and took the fight all the way to the Supreme Court. But in Denver, he's remembered for his long career as a civil rights advocate and a leader within city government.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    He took the Colorado bar exam in 1945 and had the highest scores of all the candidates. However, he was denied admission to the state's bar because of his wartime criminal record. He appealed to the state supreme court and won that case; he was admitted to the Colorado bar in January of 1946. That same year be married True Shibata, who had been incarcerated at Camp\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Amache_(Granada)/\" title=\"Amache (Granada)\">\n     Amache\n    </a>\n    in southeast Colorado. The couple had three daughters.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Yasui opened a law practice in the heart of Denver's postwar Japantown, where he would accept barter for legal work. In one instance, he received a live turkey to be eaten one Thanksgiving, but his wife didn't have the heart to butcher the bird and they gave it away.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref5_5-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref5-5\">\n      [5]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    He remained active in Japanese American organizations, including the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Japanese_American_Citizens_League/\" title=\"Japanese American Citizens League\">\n     Japanese American Citizens League\n    </a>\n    and the Japanese Association of Colorado. He lobbied for the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Japanese_American_Evacuation_Claims_Act/\" title=\"Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act\">\n     Evacuation Claims Act\n    </a>\n    in the 1948 Congress, and from 1976 to 1984 served on the JACL's\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/National_Committee_for_Redress,_JACL/\" title=\"National Committee for Redress, JACL\">\n     National Committee for Redress\n    </a>\n    . He also lobbied against a more restrictive\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Alien_land_laws/\" title=\"Alien land laws\">\n     alien land law\n    </a>\n    introduced in the Oregon State Legislature in 1945.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    He also fought discrimination beyond the Japanese community. He was a founding member of the Urban League of Denver, an African American organization, in 1946, and helped found the Latin American Research and Service Agency (an Hispanic civil rights organization) and Denver Native Americans United.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref6_6-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref6-6\">\n      [6]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Because of his cross-cultural advocacy, Yasui was appointed to Denver's Community Relations Commission (later renamed Denver's Human Rights Commission) in 1959 and was made executive director of the commission in 1967. Because he had such strong relationships with other minority groups, he was credited with preventing race riots during the turbulent civil rights era of the late '60s. Yasui reached out to Denver's Black community with diplomacy and Denver avoided the violence that erupted in other major cities.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref7_7-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref7-7\">\n      [7]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Yasui continued to fight his wartime arrest record until his death. In 1983 he filed a motion requesting the court to reverse his conviction, dismiss his indictment, agree there had been governmental misconduct and find that the proclamation that he had been convicted under for breaking curfew was unconstitutional. The district court vacated his conviction but didn't agree to his other claims. He died on Nov. 12 1986, while waiting to be heard in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, which dismissed the case after his death. The Supreme Court agreed with the Appeals Court's decision and Yasui's case was closed.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref8_8-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref8-8\">\n      [8]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Yasui is remembered today with a bust at Sakura Square, the center of what used to be the Japantown District, and a monthly award from the Denver Foundation that he established to promote civic and non-profit community engagement. The award now carries his name: The Minoru Yasui Community Volunteer Award. A building owned by the City and County of Denver in downtown Denver is now called Minoru Yasui Plaza, and although a plaque already explains Yasui's contributions to the city, efforts are underway to fund a memorial in the lobby. The University of Oregon, where Yasui graduated, has established the\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://law.uoregon.edu/explore/yasui-endowment\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     The Yasui Endowment in Human and Civil Rights Law\n    </a>\n    . Finally, in November 2015, members of the Yasui family were invited to the White House, where President Barack Obama bestowed upon him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award given in the U.S.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    The Yasui family is commemorating 2016, the centennial of Minoru Yasui's birth, with several events and productions in his honor under the name the\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.minoruyasuitribute.org\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Minoru Yasui Tribute Project\n    </a>\n    . His daughter Holly Yasui has written a stage play in collaboration with playwright Nikki Louis about her father,\n    <i>\n     Citizen Min\n    </i>\n    , which shares the title (with permission) with a short film about Yasui produced by 1983 by a TV reporter. Holly Yasui is also completing a documentary,\n    <i>\n     Never Give Up! Minoru Yasui and the Fight for Justice\n    </i>\n    , that she has written and directed. A symposium about Yasui and his legacy will be held at the Japanese American National Museum in April, 2016. In October, to celebrate his 100th birthday, the Minoru Yasui Legacy Celebration will be held in Denver, focusing on Yasui's life and career, but also shining the spotlight on fighting Islamophobia and anti-Muslim sentiment, a topic that Min Yasui would surely have fought for if he were alive.\n   </p>\n   <div id=\"authorByline\">\n    <b>\n     Authored by\n     <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Gil_Asakawa/\" title=\"Gil Asakawa\">\n      Gil Asakawa\n     </a>\n    </b>\n   </div>\n   <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n    Asakawa, Gil\n   </div>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n    For More Information\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Hosokawa, Bill.\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/coloradosjapanes00hoso_0\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     <i>\n      Colorado's Japanese Americans from 1886 to the Present\n     </i>\n    </a>\n    . Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Irons, Peter.\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/justiceatwar00iron\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     <i>\n      Justice at War: The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases\n     </i>\n     .\n    </a>\n    New York: Oxford University Press, 1983. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Hada, Kerry S. and Andrew S. Hamano. \"Five of the Best: A Tribute to Outstanding Lawyers in Colorado History.\"\n    <i>\n     The Colorado Lawyer\n    </i>\n    (July 1998).\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Kessler, Lauren.\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/stubborntwigthre00kess_0\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     <i>\n      Stubborn Twig: Three Generations in the Life of a Japanese American Family\n     </i>\n    </a>\n    . New York: Random House, 1993.\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n    Footnotes\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n    <div class=\"mw-references-wrap\">\n     <ol class=\"references\">\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Harry S. Hada, and Andrew S. Hamano, \"Five of the Best: A Tribute to Outstanding Lawyers in Colorado History,\"\n        <i>\n         The Colorado Lawyer\n        </i>\n        (July 1998).\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        \"Minoru Yasui,\"\n        <i>\n         Encyclopedia of Japanese American History\n        </i>\n        , ed. Brian Niiya (New York: Facts on File, 2001): 423.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref3-3\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref3_3-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Hada and Hamano, \"Five of the Best.\"\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref4-4\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_4-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        \"Minoru Yasui,\"\n        <i>\n         Encyclopedia of Japanese American History\n        </i>\n        , 423.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref5-5\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref5_5-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Hada and Hamano, \"Five of the Best.\"\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref6-6\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref6_6-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Hada and Hamano, \"Five of the Best.\"\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref7-7\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref7_7-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Bill Hosokawa,\n        <i>\n         Colorado's Japanese Americans from 1886 to the Present\n        </i>\n        (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005), 11.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref8-8\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref8_8-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Hada and Hamano, \"Five of the Best.\"\n       </span>\n      </li>\n     </ol>\n    </div>\n   </div>\n   <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230613175617\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.024 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.032 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 258/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 2066/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 234/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 6/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 2749/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n   <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00%   17.705      1 -total\n 38.97%    6.899      1 Template:Databox-People\n 18.65%    3.302      1 Template:Reflist\n  7.78%    1.378      1 Template:AuthorByline\n  7.57%    1.340      1 Template:Published\n-->\n   <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:223-0!canonical and timestamp 20230613175617 and revision id 31094\n -->\n  </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"toplink\">\n <a href=\"#top\">\n  <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\">\n  </i>\n  Top\n </a>\n</div>",
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