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{
    "url_title": "Ruth Asawa",
    "title_sort": "asawaruth",
    "links": {
        "json": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Ruth%20Asawa/",
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    "modified": "2024-09-06T17:38:11",
    "title": "Ruth Asawa",
    "body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <div id=\"databox-PeopleDisplay\">\n  <table class=\"infobox\" width=\"200px;\">\n   <tbody>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Name\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Ruth Asawa\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Born\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      January 24 1926\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Died\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      August 5 2013\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Birth Location\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Norwalk, California\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Generational Identifier\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      <p>\n       <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nisei/\" title=\"Nisei\">\n        Nisei\n       </a>\n      </p>\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n   </tbody>\n  </table>\n </div>\n <div id=\"databox-People\" style=\"display:none;\">\n  <p>\n   FirstName:Ruth Aiko;\nLastName:Asawa;\nDisplayName:Ruth Asawa;\nBirthDate:1926-01-24;\nDeathDate:2013-08-05;\nBirthLocation:Norwalk, California;\nGender:Female;\nEthnicity:JA;\nGenerationIdentifier:Nisei;\nNationality:;\nExternalResourceLink:;\nPrimaryGeography:San Francisco;\nReligion:;\n  </p>\n </div>\n <p>\n  Ruth Aiko Asawa (1926–2013) was a renowned sculptor, painter, and printmaker acclaimed for her biomorphic wire forms and public art installations as well as her activism in public art education.\n </p>\n <div aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\" class=\"toc\" id=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\">\n  <input class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" role=\"button\" style=\"display:none\" type=\"checkbox\"/>\n  <div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n   <h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">\n    Contents\n   </h2>\n   <span class=\"toctogglespan\">\n    <label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\">\n    </label>\n   </span>\n  </div>\n  <ul>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Early_Life_and_Wartime_Incarceration\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      1\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Early Life and Wartime Incarceration\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#A_Career_in_Art\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      2\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      A Career in Art\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Activism_and_Awards\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      3\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Activism and Awards\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#For_More_Information\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      4\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      For More Information\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Footnotes\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      5\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Footnotes\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n  </ul>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Early_Life_and_Wartime_Incarceration\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Early_Life_and_Wartime_Incarceration\">\n    Early Life and Wartime Incarceration\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    She was born in the farming community of Norwalk, California, on January 24, 1926, to Japanese immigrant parents, Umakichi and Haru Asawa. She was the fourth of seven children. \"I can see glimpses of my childhood in my work,\" she said in later years. \"We used to make patterns in the dirt, hanging our feet off the horse-drawn farm equipment. We made endless hourglass figures that I now see as the forms within forms in my crocheted wire sculptures.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n      [1]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    Asawa showed an aptitude for art at an early age. Her painting of a polar bear was put up for display in 1935 and her third-grade teacher encouraged her artistic talent. In 1939, she won a school art competition with her drawing of the Statue of Liberty. On Saturdays, she attended a community Japanese language and cultural school, where she practiced calligraphy.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Although Asawa had hoped to attend one of two prominent art schools in Los Angeles—the Chouinard Art Institute or the Otis Art Institute—World War II and the signing of\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Executive_Order_9066/\" title=\"Executive Order 9066\">\n     Executive Order 9066\n    </a>\n    changed everything. She was only sixteen years old in February 1942 when her father, Umakichi, was arrested by FBI agents and sent to a camp in New Mexico. Two months later, her mother and older siblings had to orchestrate the closing of the farm and packing what few belongings they could carry, when the Asawa family was forcibly removed from their home in Norwalk. Her eldest brother George drove the family to the Santa Anita Racetrack where they were given only the blue book value for their car. They first moved into two horse stalls at the Santa Anita race track, and later, into a more permanent camp in Rohwer, Arkansas. Ruth became the art editor of the class yearbook and graduated from Rohwer High School in 1943. Although Ruth’s father Umakichi was allowed to rejoin his family in Rohwer in 1943, Asawa had already left for college and would not see either of her parents again until 1948.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    It is not typical for artists to begin their careers in incarceration, but despite the hardship, Asawa not only absorbed lessons from her time in camp —she was first exposed to weaving by watching fellow internees weave camouflage nets, and picked up the sumi brush during art classes— she flourished. An important experience was her time spent studying with incarcerated artists from the Disney studios, who taught art classes to a sixteen year-old.  From camp, she applied and was admitted to the Milwaukee State Teachers College on a scholarship sponsored by the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/National_Japanese_American_Student_Relocation_Council/\" title=\"National Japanese American Student Relocation Council\">\n     National Japanese American Student Relocation Council\n    </a>\n    (NJASRC), an initiative of the\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/American_Friends_Service_Committee/\" title=\"American Friends Service Committee\">\n     American Friends Service Committee\n    </a>\n    , where she studied drawing, painting, printmaking, and jewelry, with the intent to become a schoolteacher. To support her education, Asawa found work as a domestic servant and worked in a tanning factory. In 1945, she and her sister Lois traveled to Mexico City to study Spanish and Mexican art.\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"A_Career_in_Art\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"A_Career_in_Art\">\n    A Career in Art\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    When she was denied her teaching credentials, due to the anti-Japanese prejudices that made it difficult for\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nisei/\" title=\"Nisei\">\n     Nisei\n    </a>\n    to find work, she decided instead to enroll at the Black Mountain experimental art school based in North Carolina. Asawa eventually spent three transformative years at Black Mountain under the guidance and instruction of major art figures such as painter Josef Albers, dancer Merce Cunningham, and architect Buckminister Fuller. According to Asawa, \"Black Mountain gave you the right to do anything you wanted to do.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n      [2]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    In 1947, Asawa returned to Mexico on a trip sponsored again by the Quakers, where she was taught to loop wire baskets for eggs by a local craftsman, which would inspire her later work in wire. In 1958, The\n    <i>\n     New York Times\n    </i>\n    wrote of their \"gossamer lightness\" and the way \"the circular and oval shapes seem like magic lanterns, one within the other.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref3_3-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref3-3\">\n      [3]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    In 1949, against their parents' wishes, Asawa moved to San Francisco and married fellow Black Mountain student Albert Lanier, who would establish a career as an architect. Throughout the 1950s, she experimented with her painting, drawing, origami, textile, and above all, her innovative hanging looped-wire forms. Asawa began exhibiting her sculptures, paintings, and drawings in solo and group shows in 1954 and has held major solo retrospective exhibits at the San Francisco Museum of Art (1973), the Fresno Art Center (1978 and 2001), the Oakland Museum (2002), the M.H. de Young Memorial Museum (2006), the Japanese American National Museum (Los Angeles, 2007),and the Pulitzer Art Foundation (St. Louis, 2018). Her work is now displayed in permanent collections including the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA NY), the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, LA County Museum of Art, the DeYoung Museum, SFMOMA, and the San Jose Museum of Art, among others. Her most famous public sculptures are \"Andrea\", the mermaid fountain at Ghirardelli Square (1966-68); the San Francisco Fountain at the Hyatt on Union Square (1973); the \"Origami Fountains\" in Buchanan Mall (1975-76, refabricated in 1999); \"Aurora\", the origami-inspired fountain on the San Francisco waterfront (1986); \"History of Wine\" (1988), a fountain at Beringer Winery in St. Helena, the \"Japanese-American Internment Memorial\" in San Jose (1994).\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_4-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref4-4\">\n      [4]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    She also served as guest faculty at San Francisco State University, where she worked with landscape architects to create the outdoor \"Garden of Remembrance\" (2002), which features large boulders placed in the garden to represent the ten main camps where the Japanese were incarcerated during World War II, and an interior installation entitled\n    <i>\n     DNA Studies,\n    </i>\n    in collaboration with college students, high school students, and elders.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    In early 2013, Asawa's San Francisco Fountain near Union Square was threatened with demolition in plans unveiled for a proposed computer retail store. However, after furious public protest, the city rejected the business' construction plans and told the company to redo them to ensure that the fountain survives. As of August 26, 2013, new architectural plans for the store revealed that the beloved fountain would be spared and remain on site.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref5_5-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref5-5\">\n      [5]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Activism_and_Awards\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Activism_and_Awards\">\n    Activism and Awards\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    In addition to carrying a full career as an artist and an activist, her marriage to Albert never floundered, and together they raised six children: Xavier (1950), Aiko (1950), Hudson (1952), Adam (1956), Addie (1958), and Paul (1959). Inspired by her own children's hunger for creative instruction, she became a major force in founding public arts education for San Francisco children and was an instrumental part of the Alvarado Arts Workshop, the annual Music, Art, Dance, Drama, and Science (MADDS) Festival, and the 1973 federal Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) program. She helped found SCRAP, an art material recycling program for teachers and artists, in 1976, fearlessly defended the preservation of murals, and promoted inter-generational workshops and the vital importance of gardens. She was also central to the creation of the San Francisco School of the Arts (SOTA) High School in 1982. In 2010, SOTA was renamed the Ruth Asawa San Francisco School of the Arts.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Asawa served on the San Francisco Arts Commission (1968), the board of trustees of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (1989), the American Conservatory Theater, the California Arts Council (1976), and nationally on President Carter's Commission on Mental Health on \"The Role of the Arts\" (1974) and the National Endowment for the Arts (1977). She received honorary doctorates from San Francisco State University, the San Francisco Art Institute and California College of the Arts and in 1999 she received the Bachelor of Arts degree from the Milwaukee State Teachers College that she had been denied as a student in 1946. Asawa has been acknowledged in the local press as \"San Francisco's best-loved artist.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref6_6-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref6-6\">\n      [6]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    In 1982, February 12 was declared Ruth Asawa Day in San Francisco.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Asawa died in the predawn hours on August 6, 2013, at her home in San Francisco at age 87.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Posthumously, her reputation has only grown. In 2020, Asawa was honored by the U.S. Postal Service with a series of stamps featuring ten of her looped and tied-wire sculptures. She was inducted into the 2021 California Hall of Fame, a museum located in California's state capitol, which honors legendary people who embody California’s innovative spirit and have made their mark on history. Also in 2021, an online public art tour of eleven of her publicly accessible artworks in San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose and St. Helena was created by Frances Homan Jue, in close collaboration with the Estate of Ruth\nAsawa, complete with audio recordings of family and friends sharing stories about Asawa and her work.\n   </p>\n   <div id=\"authorByline\">\n    <b>\n     Authored by\n     <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Patricia_Wakida/\" title=\"Patricia Wakida\">\n      Patricia Wakida\n     </a>\n    </b>\n   </div>\n   <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n    Wakida, Patricia\n   </div>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n    For More Information\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Ruth Asawa's personal papers and archives are housed at the\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/6903215\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Stanford University Libraries.\n    </a>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Baker, Kenneth.\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/art/article/California-sculptor-Ruth-Asawa-dies-4709612.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     \"California Sculptor Ruth Asawa Dies.\"\n    </a>\n    <i>\n     San Francisco Chronicle\n    </i>\n    , August 6, 2013.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Chase, Marilyn. \"Everything She Touched, The life of Ruth Asawa\", San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books, 2020.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Hauseur, Krystal Reiko. \"Crafted Abstraction: Three Nisei Artists and the American Studio Craft Movement: Ruth Asawa, Kay Sekimachi, and Toshiko Takaezu.\" Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Irvine, 2011.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Harris, Mary Emma.\n    <i>\n     The Arts at Black Mountain College.\n    </i>\n    Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1987.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Martin, Douglas.\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/arts/design/ruth-asawa-an-artist-who-wove-wire-dies-at-87.html?_r=0\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     \"Ruth Asawa, an Artist Who Wove Wire, Dies at 87.\"\n    </a>\n    <i>\n     New York Times\n    </i>\n    , August 17, 2013.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://resourceguide.densho.org/Masters%20of%20Modern%20Design:%20The%20Art%20of%20the%20Japanese%20American%20Experience%20(film)/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     <i>\n      Masters of Modern Design: The Art of the Japanese American Experience\n     </i>\n    </a>\n    . Directed by Akira Bosch for KCETLink and The Watase Media Arts Center, JANM, 2019. 56 minutes. [Profiles five Japanese American artists who were incarcerated during the war and who later became prominent artists in the decades after the war.]\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Ruth Asawa artist\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.ruthasawa.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     website\n    </a>\n    .\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-ruth-asawa-and-albet-lanier-12222.\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Archives of American Art:\n    </a>\n    Oral history interview with Ruth Asawa and Albert Lanier, June 21-July 5, 2002.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <i>\n     Ruth Asawa: A Retrospective View\n    </i>\n    . San Francisco: San Francisco Museum of Art, 1973.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/6779925\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     <i>\n      Ruth Asawa: Of Forms and Growth\n     </i>\n     .\n    </a>\n    Documentary film directed by Robert Snyder. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Masters &amp; Masterworks, 1978. 30 minutes.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.rafu.com/2013/08/visionary-sculptor-ruth-asawa-dies-at-87/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     \"Visionary Sculptor Ruth Asawa Dies at 87.\"\n    </a>\n    <i>\n     Rafu Shimpo.\n    </i>\n    August 7, 2013.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/arts/programs/spark/profile.jsp?essid=4828\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Spark segment on Ruth Asawa.\n    </a>\n    San Francisco: KQED TV, May 2005. 10 minutes.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Urbanelli, Elisa, and Daniel Cornell, editors.\n    <i>\n     The Sculpture of Ruth Asawa: Contours in the Air\n    </i>\n    . Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n    Footnotes\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n    <div class=\"mw-references-wrap\">\n     <ol class=\"references\">\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Harris, Mary Emma, \"Black Mountain College,\"\n        <i>\n         The Sculpture of Ruth Asawa: Contours in the Air\n        </i>\n        (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006), 66.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Archives of American Art: Oral history interview with Ruth Asawa and Albet Lanier, June 21-July 5, 2002, accessed July 27, 2013,\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-ruth-asawa-and-albet-lanier-12222\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-ruth-asawa-and-albet-lanier-12222\n        </a>\n        .\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref3-3\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref3_3-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Douglas Martin, \"Ruth Asawa, an Artist Who Wove Wire, Dies at 87,\"\n        <i>\n         New York Times\n        </i>\n        , August 17, 2013, accessed July 27, 2013,\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/arts/design/ruth-asawa-an-artist-who-wove-wire-dies-at-87.html?_r=0\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/arts/design/ruth-asawa-an-artist-who-wove-wire-dies-at-87.html?_r=0\n        </a>\n        .\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref4-4\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_4-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Ruth Asawa website, accessed August 6, 2013,\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.ruthasawa.com/life2.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://www.ruthasawa.com/life2.html\n        </a>\n        .\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref5-5\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref5_5-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        John King, \"Apple Store's new design preserves fountain\",\n        <i>\n         San Francisco Chronicle\n        </i>\n        , August 26, 2013, accessed July 27, 2013,\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/place/article/Apple-Store-s-new-design-preserves-fountain-4762776.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/place/article/Apple-Store-s-new-design-preserves-fountain-4762776.php\n        </a>\n        .\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref6-6\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref6_6-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Gordon H. Chang, Mark Dean Johnson, and Paul J. Karlstrom, editors,\n        <i>\n         Asian American Art: A History, 1850-1970\n        </i>\n        (Stanford University Press, 2008), 293.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n     </ol>\n    </div>\n   </div>\n   <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20240906173811\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.016 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.021 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 227/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 2078/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 261/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 6/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 3250/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n   <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00%   13.185      1 -total\n 24.79%    3.269      1 Template:Reflist\n 19.74%    2.602      1 Template:Databox-People\n 10.90%    1.437      1 Template:Published\n 10.82%    1.426      1 Template:AuthorByline\n-->\n   <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:2195-0!canonical and timestamp 20240906173811 and revision id 37032\n -->\n  </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"toplink\">\n <a href=\"#top\">\n  <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\">\n  </i>\n  Top\n </a>\n</div>",
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