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{
    "url_title": "Sam Horino",
    "title_sort": "horinosam",
    "links": {
        "json": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Sam%20Horino/?format=api",
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    "modified": "2020-07-02T18:25:59",
    "title": "Sam Horino",
    "body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <div id=\"databox-PeopleDisplay\">\n  <table class=\"infobox\" width=\"200px;\">\n   <tbody>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Name\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Sam Horino\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Born\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      July 17 1914\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Died\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      April 18 2002\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Birth Location\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Gardena, California\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n    <tr>\n     <th scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      Generational Identifier\n     </th>\n     <td style=\"text-align:left;\">\n      <p>\n       <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nisei/\" title=\"Nisei\">\n        Nisei\n       </a>\n      </p>\n     </td>\n    </tr>\n   </tbody>\n  </table>\n </div>\n <div id=\"databox-People\" style=\"display:none;\">\n  <p>\n   FirstName:Isamu;\nLastName:Horino;\nDisplayName:Sam Horino;\nBirthDate:1914-07-17;\nDeathDate:2002-04-18;\nBirthLocation:Gardena, California;\nGender:Male;\nEthnicity:JA;\nGenerationIdentifier:Nisei;\nNationality:;\nExternalResourceLink:;\nPrimaryGeography:Los Angeles;\nReligion:;\n  </p>\n </div>\n <div class=\"floatright\">\n </div>\n <p>\n  Member of the\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Heart_Mountain_Fair_Play_Committee/\" title=\"Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee\">\n   Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee\n  </a>\n  (FPC) and one of the seven who was convicted of conspiracy to counsel, aid, and abet violation of the Selective Service Act. Born in Gardena, California, on July 7, 1917, Horino became a gardener in the Hollywood area before the war. He learned about the attack on Pearl Harbor while watching a movie. Forcibly removed with his family along with all other West Coast Japanese Americans, he refused to walk out on his own, making the soldiers carry him out of his home.\n </p>\n <p>\n  At\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Heart_Mountain/\" title=\"Heart Mountain\">\n   Heart Mountain\n  </a>\n  , Horino was introduced to the FPC and its founder\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Kiyoshi_Okamoto/\" title=\"Kiyoshi Okamoto\">\n   Kiyoshi Okamoto\n  </a>\n  by\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Frank_Emi/\" title=\"Frank Emi\">\n   Frank Emi\n  </a>\n  , a prewar acquaintance from judo training. He became one of the group's leaders and was one of men who tried to walk out of the gates of the camp as a protest to demonstrate their lack of freedom. He was eventually sent to\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Tule_Lake/\" title=\"Tule Lake\">\n   Tule Lake\n  </a>\n  at the end of March by Camp Director\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Guy_Robertson/\" title=\"Guy Robertson\">\n   Guy Robertson\n  </a>\n  , who used the mechanism of a \"leave clearance hearing\" that Horino did not request to send him there. After his conspiracy conviction, he was one of the four leaders given more severe sentences of four years' imprisonment. His conviction and those of the other FPC leaders was overturned on appeal at the end of 1945, and, with the government ultimately deciding not to pursue the case further, he was released from prison in February 1946.\n </p>\n <p>\n  After the war, he returned to Southern California and resumed gardening, retiring in Monterey Park, California. Among the FPC leaders, he and Emi were the only two to live long enough to see the revival of interest in the\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Draft_resistance/\" title=\"Draft resistance\">\n   draft resistance\n  </a>\n  movement that began in the 1980s.\n </p>\n <div id=\"authorByline\">\n  <b>\n   Authored by\n   <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Brian_Niiya/\" title=\"Brian Niiya\">\n    Brian Niiya\n   </a>\n   , Densho\n  </b>\n </div>\n <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n  Niiya, Brian\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n    For More Information\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://archive.densho.org/Core/SegmentsByInterview.aspx?id=173\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Densho interview with Sam Horino by Frank Abe\n    </a>\n    , February 22, 1993.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Muller, Eric L.\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/freetodieforthei00mull\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     <i>\n      Free to Die for Their Country: The Story of the Japanese American Draft Resisters in World War II\n     </i>\n     .\n    </a>\n    Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Nelson, Douglas W.\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/heartmountainhis00nels\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     <i>\n      Heart Mountain: The History of an American Concentration Camp\n     </i>\n     .\n    </a>\n    Madison, WI: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.pbs.org/itvs/conscience/the_story/characters/horino_sam.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Sam Horino\n    </a>\n    .\"\n    <i>\n     Conscience and the Constitution\n    </i>\n    website.\n   </p>\n   <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230521153500\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.012 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.016 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 128/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 1917/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 258/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 6/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n   <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00%    9.598      1 -total\n 71.64%    6.876      1 Template:Databox-People\n 13.78%    1.323      1 Template:Published\n 13.65%    1.310      1 Template:AuthorByline\n-->\n   <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:2533-0!canonical and timestamp 20230521153500 and revision id 30386\n -->\n  </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"toplink\">\n <a href=\"#top\">\n  <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\">\n  </i>\n  Top\n </a>\n</div>",
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