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    "url_title": "William C. Carr and Friends of the American Way",
    "title_sort": "williamccarrandfriendsoftheamericanway",
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    "modified": "2021-02-16T17:45:24",
    "title": "William C. Carr and Friends of the American Way",
    "body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <p>\n  William Charles Carr (1890-1978) was co-founder and chair of Pasadena's Friends of the American Way. He fought to support incarcerated Japanese Americans during World War II. The group sponsored the return of\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Esther_Takei_Nishio/\" title=\"Esther Takei Nishio\">\n   Esther Takei (Nishio)\n  </a>\n  to Southern California from the\n  <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Amache_(Granada)/\" title=\"Amache (Granada)\">\n   Amache\n  </a>\n  camp in September of 1944. A real estate agent, he also worked to break racial housing barriers in Pasadena.\n </p>\n <div aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\" class=\"toc\" id=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\">\n  <input class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" role=\"button\" style=\"display:none\" type=\"checkbox\"/>\n  <div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n   <h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">\n    Contents\n   </h2>\n   <span class=\"toctogglespan\">\n    <label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\">\n    </label>\n   </span>\n  </div>\n  <ul>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#General_Biography\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      1\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      General Biography\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#World_War_II\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      2\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      World War II\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#After_World_War_II\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      3\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      After World War II\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#For_More_Information\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      4\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      For More Information\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n   <li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\">\n    <a class=\"\" href=\"#Footnotes\">\n     <span class=\"tocnumber\">\n      5\n     </span>\n     <span class=\"toctext\">\n      Footnotes\n     </span>\n    </a>\n   </li>\n  </ul>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"General_Biography\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"General_Biography\">\n    General Biography\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    Born in Chicago into the hardware business, William C. Carr graduated from the University of Illinois in 1913. He married Beatrice M. Park in 1919. With their first baby, they came out to Southern California where Carr started a hardware business on North Figueroa. He became fascinated with the Poppy Peak hill behind his business. Poppy Peak is in the southwest corner of Pasadena, just bordering Eagle Rock.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    In 1924, Carr purchased twelve acres of these San Rafael Hills and divided it into residential lots. He built a home at 1536 (now 1516) Poppy Peak Drive. Poppy Peak is known for its Midcentury Modernist architecture.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n      [1]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    The Carrs had two sons: William George Carr (1920-1957) and John Ross Carr (1926-2018). William George was with the U.S. Army Air Corps from 1942 to 1945. He then worked as a test pilot and flight instructor for Douglas Aircraft. His DC-7B had a fatal crash midair with a Scorpion fighter jet in Pacoima. John Carr served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. In 1948, he joined his father in the real estate business.\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"World_War_II\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"World_War_II\">\n    World War II\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    By 1942, William Carr used the power of his pen to protest racial stereotyping and violation of American civil rights especially against Americans of Japanese ancestry. He wrote to Governor Earl Warren, District Attorney Fred Howser, State Assemblyman Lloyd Lowrey, Los Angeles County Supervisor Roger Jessup, Los Angeles Mayor Fletcher Bowron, and others.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n      [2]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    In a letter to the editor against a political cartoon that slandered Japanese in the\n    <i>\n     Los Angeles Times\n    </i>\n    , Carr wrote in part \"You are guilty, by promoting this persecution, of prolonging the war and helping prove to the world that we are unfit for neighbors.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref3_3-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref3-3\">\n      [3]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    The Times printed under this published letter, \"For more than a year, The Times has been receiving letters such as the above from Mr. Carr, a real estate dealer at 1360 W. Colorado Street, Pasadena. This letter is published because of Mr. Carr's persistency not because of its merit.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_4-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref4-4\">\n      [4]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    According to the 1940 census, Pasadena had a population of near 82,000. About 1,000 were Asian Americans (1.4%), mostly of Japanese American descent. By 1943, Carr was on the executive board of Pasadena's chapter of the Pacific Coast Committee of American Principles and Fair Play, aka the \"Fair Play Committee.\" Formed in January of 1943, it was an outgrowth of the Committee on National Security and Fair Play established in October of 1941 by David Prescott Barrows, chair of the University of California's Political Science Department, and Galen Fisher, faculty at Berkeley's Pacific School of Religion. It was described as an \"independent committee of influential individuals\" focused on protecting the constitutional rights of Japanese Americans, and thus, all Americans.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref5_5-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref5-5\">\n      [5]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    When it was reformulated in 1943, University of California President Robert Gordon Sproul was the honorary chairperson. This 600-member Fair Play Committee was mostly composed of White academics, and civic and religious leaders.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref6_6-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref6-6\">\n      [6]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    The chair of the Pasadena chapter was Maynard Force Thayer, also of the Daughters of the American Revolution and Women's Civic League.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    In 1944, Carr and about thirteen others established \"Friends of the American Way.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref7_7-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref7-7\">\n      [7]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    The Friends of the American Way eventually built a roster of about 160 members, mostly living in Pasadena and Eagle Rock. In a 1944 letter, Carr wrote in his frank style, \"our interest extends to all races for we know that the number one race problem of America and of the world is the white men with his thoughtlessness, intolerance, and hypocrisy.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref8_8-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref8-8\">\n      [8]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    Friends of the American Way printed and distributed thousands of bulletins in support of Japanese Americans and their constitutional rights, collected thousands of Christmas gifts for Gila River, wrote letters to Nisei servicemen, and helped returning Japanese Americans with jobs and housing opportunities. Carr traveled and spoke on behalf of Friends of the American Way extensively. Friends of the American Way also erected a bulletin board with a service flag at the Pasadena Japanese Union Church, a community center on Kensington Place, listing the 117 area Nisei serving the military.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref9_9-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref9-9\">\n      [9]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    The secretary-treasurer of Friends of the American Way was Hugh Anderson, an accountant of the Quaker faith. Another member of note was Herbert Nicholson, a former missionary to Japan. In 1944, Friends of the American Way conspired to quietly bring back to Los Angeles one student from the concentration camps. They chose 19-year old Esther Takei from Amache to attend classes at Pasadena Junior College. Despite some negative community reaction, Takei's re-integration paved the way for other Japanese Americans returning to the West Coast.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref10_10-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref10-10\">\n      [10]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"After_World_War_II\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"After_World_War_II\">\n    After World War II\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    After the war, William Carr—with his son, John—focused on breaking racial covenants in Pasadena housing. Professor Joan Takayama-Ogawa said, \"Mr. Carr decides that my parents, Hideo and Sonoko Takayama, would be the ideal couple to break the color line in the exclusive neighborhood of the San Rafael hills.\"\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref11_11-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref11-11\">\n      [11]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    Carr sold a home on Brixton Road to the Takayamas and then sold a home to Harry and Rei Osaki near 1956.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref12_12-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref12-12\">\n      [12]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n    John Carr sold property to Jewish and African American families; he was denied membership into the Pasadena Realty Association in 1956 and 1957.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref13_13-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref13-13\">\n      [13]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Near 1960, the Carrs helped Yosh and Haru Kuromiya purchase an Altadena home to raise their daughters. Gail Kuromiya remembers, \"Not only did John Carr facilitate the sale, but William Carr carried the mortgage. And, it was no ordinary house! It was designed by Alfred W. Day who collaborated with renowned landscape architect, Garrett Eckbo.\" Yosh was himself a landscape architect. Gail continues, \"In my dad's memoirs, he wrote that the Carr generosity helped restore his faith in the 'goodness of humankind'.\" Yosh had been unjustly imprisoned for\n    <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Draft_resistance/\" title=\"Draft resistance\">\n     draft resistance\n    </a>\n    in 1944.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    William Carr then sold a home to an African American family in the Hastings Ranch area of east Pasadena; this created \"tremendous upheaval.\" Other realtors and neighbors had a \"big meeting\" at Gwinn's Magnolia Room, a local restaurant, to discuss buying out the African American family or other means to stop the \"destruction and ruin\" that was expected to ensue. The Carrs continued to sell homes to other African Americans.\n    <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref14_14-0\">\n     <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref14-14\">\n      [14]\n     </a>\n    </sup>\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    In August of 1945, Carr was called as a witness in front of the U.S. House Immigration and Naturalization Committee. His testimony is recorded on p. 410 of the resulting \"Study of Problems Relating to Immigration and Deportation\". In 1970, William and John Carr testified forcefully in front of U.S. federal court judge Manuel Real on Pasadena's realty practices and racial covenants. Judge Real presided over the U.S. Justice Department's suit of Pasadena Unified School District on the racial segregation of Pasadena's public schools.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Christopher Carr, John's son, said, \"When I was a cop [in Pasadena], Nisei often asked me if was related to William C. Carr when they saw my name on the badge. When I said that William was my grandfather, they would thank me or invite me into their homes.\"\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    In 1954, William Carr was specially honored at the JACL 13th National Convention in Los Angeles. A 1965 Pasadena Chapter JACL \"Certificate of Appreciation\" to William C. Carr reads, \"In grateful recognition of special meritorious services to the Chapter and contributions to the welfare of Japanese Americans. For activating his firm convictions to assist evacuees, Nisei servicemen, and resettlers, despite personal pressures and economic risks, and helping to remove discriminatory legislation in the state of California.\"\n   </p>\n   <div id=\"authorByline\">\n    <b>\n     Authored by\n     <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Susie_Ling/\" title=\"Susie Ling\">\n      Susie Ling\n     </a>\n    </b>\n   </div>\n   <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n    Ling, Susie\n   </div>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n    For More Information\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <p>\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf6g50073j/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Finding Aid for William C. Carr Papers, 1941–1962\n    </a>\n    . Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA.\n   </p>\n   <p>\n    Ling, Susie. \"\n    <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://www.rafu.com/2014/11/thank-you-carr-family/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n     Thank You, Carr Family.\n    </a>\n    \"\n    <i>\n     Rafu Shimpo\n    </i>\n    , Nov. 21, 2014.\n   </p>\n  </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n  <h2>\n   <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n    Footnotes\n   </span>\n  </h2>\n  <div class=\"section_content\">\n   <div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n    <div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n     <ol class=\"references\">\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Barbara Lamprecht and Paul Daniel, \"Application to Office of Historic Preservation, California Office of Parks and Recreation,\" April 2, 2008, accessed on January 22, 2020 at\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/poppy%20peak%20historic%20district_final_092308.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/poppy%20peak%20historic%20district_final_092308.pdf\n        </a>\n        .\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref2-2\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref2_2-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        William C. Carr Papers, Box 53, Japanese American Research Project Collection, UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref3-3\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref3_3-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        William C. Carr, \"Persecution of Japs {sic)?\" letter to editor,\n        <i>\n         Los Angeles Times\n        </i>\n        , April 21, 1944, A-1.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref4-4\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref4_4-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Carr, \"Persecution of Japs {sic)?\"\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref5-5\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref5_5-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Charles Wollenberg, \"The Fair Play Committee, Earl Warren, and Japanese Internment,\"\n        <i>\n         California History\n        </i>\n        89.4 (2012), 26.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref6-6\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref6_6-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Wollenberg, \"The Fair Play Committee,\" 38.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref7-7\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref7_7-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        These fourteen members included William Carr, Beatrice Carr, Katherine Walker Fanning (former missionary and a \"real estate bookkeeper\" living in E. Pasadena), Gertrude Ellsworth Klause (college graduate living in Pasadena and wife of a probation officer), Jerome Willis MacNair (Stanford graduate and president of MacNair-Wallace Company with a son in U.S. Army), Mary Tower MacNair (graduate of Stanford), Margaret S. Moritz, Mrs. A. D. Nance, Herbert Victor Nicholson, Leonard Oeshisli or Oechali (clergyman in Alhambra), Alice L. Pearson (widow in Pasadena), Esther I. Rhoads (married to Otis Rhoads, an engraver), Gale Seaman (YMCA Secretary coordinating religious activities amongst university students), and Gladys Weaver (married to Vernon Weaver, a salesperson in Pasadena).\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref8-8\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref8_8-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Letter, William Carr to Dr. Harold Kingsley, December 18, 1944, William C. Carr Papers, Folder 5, Box 53.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref9-9\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref9_9-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Ted Tajima, \"FPCA 75 Year History – First Presbyterian Church Altadena,\" accessed on Dec. 20, 2019 at\n        <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"https://firstpresbyterianchurchaltadena.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/HISTORY.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n         https://firstpresbyterianchurchaltadena.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/HISTORY.pdf\n        </a>\n        .\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref10-10\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref10_10-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Joe Mozingo, \"She was a Test Case for Resettling Detainees of Japanese Descent — and Unaware of the Risk,\"\n        <i>\n         Los Angeles Times\n        </i>\n        , Nov. 30, 2019, A1.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref11-11\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref11_11-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Susie Ling, \"Thank you, Carr Family,\"\n        <i>\n         Rafu Shimpo\n        </i>\n        , Nov. 21, 2014, 1. Nisei Hideo Takayama was born in Pasadena in 1914. His father, Shiichitaro Takayama (1883-1953) was one of the original partners of Pasadena's Meiji Laundry. Hideo graduated from USC's School of Architecture in 1941 and then served in the Military Intelligence Service. His wife, Sonoko (1920-2012), was a ward secretary at Huntington Hospital. Joan, their daughter, is a renowned ceramicist teaching at the Otis College of Art and Design. From an interview by Susie Ling with Joan Takayama-Ogawa on July 25, 2012 in Pasadena, California. Transcript available with the Pasadena Digital History Collaboration project.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref12-12\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref12_12-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Rei Osaki was one of the first woman to be admitted to the Idaho State Bar (1943) and Washington State Bar. She married Harry, a silver and goldsmith and sculptor, and moved to Pasadena in 1947. Harry studied art at USC on the G.I. Bill. Rei was very active in Pasadena civic affairs, including with the American Friends Services Committee (AFSC).\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref13-13\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref13_13-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Lucie Lowery,  \"School, Housing Bias Told Court,\"\n        <i>\n         Pasadena Star News\n        </i>\n        , Jan. 9, 1970, 1, 3.\n       </span>\n      </li>\n      <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref14-14\">\n       <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n        <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref14_14-0\">\n         ↑\n        </a>\n       </span>\n       <span class=\"reference-text\">\n        Lowery, \"School, Housing Bias Told Court.\"\n       </span>\n      </li>\n     </ol>\n    </div>\n   </div>\n   <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230613175613\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.019 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.024 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 209/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 495/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 39/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 5/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 7211/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n   <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00%   17.806      1 -total\n 24.32%    4.330      1 Template:Reflist\n  8.26%    1.471      1 Template:AuthorByline\n  7.79%    1.387      1 Template:Published\n-->\n   <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:4216-0!canonical and timestamp 20230613175613 and revision id 33215\n -->\n  </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"toplink\">\n <a href=\"#top\">\n  <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\">\n  </i>\n  Top\n </a>\n</div>",
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