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{ "url_title": "Block councils", "title_sort": "blockcouncils", "links": { "json": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Block%20councils/?format=api", "html": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Block%20councils?format=api" }, "modified": "2020-07-06T16:29:43", "title": "Block councils", "body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <p>\n Informal organizations formed to manage affairs within individual\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Block/\" title=\"Block\">\n blocks\n </a>\n in the wartime concentration camps administered by the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/War_Relocation_Authority/\" title=\"War Relocation Authority\">\n War Relocation Authority\n </a>\n (WRA). Encouraged by camp administrators as a form of \"self-government,\" block councils sprang up in the various WRA camps, their exact composition varying from camp to camp or block to block. Generally, the councils included one or more representatives from each barracks (if more than one, an\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Issei/\" title=\"Issei\">\n Issei\n </a>\n and a\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Nisei/\" title=\"Nisei\">\n Nisei\n </a>\n representative), the appointed\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Block_managers/\" title=\"Block managers\">\n block manager\n </a>\n , the head chef, and sometimes the elected member of the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Community_councils/\" title=\"Community councils\">\n community council.\n </a>\n The block councils dealt with such issues as facilities and maintenance, recreation, sanitation, and inmate relations. Given the nature of both Japanese community dynamics and camp politics, many of the block councils came to be dominated by Issei men.\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n [1]\n </a>\n </sup>\n </p>\n <div id=\"authorByline\">\n <b>\n Authored by\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Brian_Niiya/\" title=\"Brian Niiya\">\n Brian Niiya\n </a>\n , Densho\n </b>\n </div>\n <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n Niiya, Brian\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n <h2>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n For More Information\n </span>\n </h2>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <p>\n Cates, Rita Takahashi. \"Comparative Administration and Management of Five War Relocation Authority Camps: America's Incarceration of Persons of Japanese Descent during World War II.\" PhD diss., University of Pittsburgh, 1980.\n </p>\n <p>\n Hansen, Arthur A. \"Cultural Politics in the Gila River Relocation Center, 1942-1943.\"\n <i>\n Arizona and the West\n </i>\n 27 (Winter 1985): 327-62.\n </p>\n <p>\n Hayashi, Brian Masaru.\n <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/democratizingene00haya\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n <i>\n Democratizing the Enemy: The Japanese American Internment\n </i>\n </a>\n . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.\n </p>\n <p>\n Spicer, Edward H., Asael T. Hansen, Katharine Luomala, and Marvin K. Opler.\n <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/impoundedpeoplej00spic\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n <i>\n Impounded People: Japanese Americans in the Relocation Centers\n </i>\n .\n </a>\n Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1969.\n </p>\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n <h2>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n Footnotes\n </span>\n </h2>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n <div class=\"mw-references-wrap\">\n <ol class=\"references\">\n <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n Arthur Hansen even describes block councils at Gila River where business was conducted exclusively in Japanese, effectively eliminating Nisei participation. See Hansen, \"Cultural Politics in the Gila River Relocation Center, 1942-1943,\"\n <i>\n Arizona and the West\n </i>\n 27 (Winter 1985): 337–38 and Edward H. Spicer, Asael T. Hansen, Katharine Luomala, and Marvin K. Opler,\n <i>\n Impounded People: Japanese Americans in the Relocation Centers\n </i>\n (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946; Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1969), pp. 73–74.\n </span>\n </li>\n </ol>\n </div>\n </div>\n <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230521153401\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.010 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.015 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 73/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 514/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 58/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 5/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 908/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 12.025 1 -total\n 18.27% 2.197 1 Template:Reflist\n 11.20% 1.347 1 Template:AuthorByline\n 10.96% 1.318 1 Template:Published\n-->\n <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:1569-0!canonical and timestamp 20230521153401 and revision id 30432\n -->\n </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"toplink\">\n <a href=\"#top\">\n <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\">\n </i>\n Top\n </a>\n</div>", "categories": [ "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/categories/Definitions/?format=api" ], "sources": [], "coordinates": {}, "authors": [ "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/authors/Brian%20Niiya/?format=api" ], "ddr_topic_terms": [], "prev_page": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Block%20Seventeen%20(book)/?format=api", "next_page": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Block%20managers/?format=api" }